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THE

TETTIGIDAE

NORTH AMERICA

JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK

WITH ELEVEN PLATES AND ttAN¥, |
TEXT FIGURES BY THE AUTHOR

CHICAGO
PUBLISHED BY SPECIAL GRANT OF

MRS. FRANK G. LOGAN
1902

*-lfe

■ "»*■

Tettigidae of North America

Plate I

J. L. HANCOCK, DEU.

SVMUBE"* '«til»-al4VUIlE Co

THE

TETTIGIDAE

NORTH AMERICA

JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK

WITH ELEVEN PLATES AND MANY
TEXT PIGORES BY THE AUTHOR

CHICAGO
PUBLISHED BY' SPECIAL GRANT OF

MRS. FRANK G. LOGAN
1902

iJl\}i iLakcsttif ^iiS5

, DONNELLEY * SONS COMPANY
CHICAGO

CONTENTS

PAGE

vii

List of plates ..._...

List of text illustrations ------- vii

Introduction ---------!

Origin of the name Tettix ------ 3

Characters distinguishing the group ----- 4

Distribution -------- 5

Recent additions of Genera ...... (,

Temperate forms compared — Dimorphism - - - - 7

Researches to determine biological facts - - - - - 8

Collecting — Distinguishing Tettigids from other orthoptera - 8

Protective resemblance — Varieties of coloring - - - - q

Habits — Hibernation ------- 10

Food habits - - - - - - - - -11

Oviposition — Variations in time of incubation — Number of eggs laid —
First eggs laid in May — The egg burrow — Provision for protect-
ing the eggs - - - - - - - 12

Resemblance of eggs to leaves of polytrichum - - - - 13

Clianging environment ------- 13

Migratory habits -------- 14

Sexes uniting in the spring— Length of time during conjugation —
Method of conjugation — Polyandry among the Tettigidae — Poly-
andry a factor in accounting for variations - - - 15
Sexual habits — Peculiar habit of shaking the body - - - 16
The male rides on the female's back ----- 17

Spermatozoa of Tettigidea and Paratettix - - - - i?

How the eggs are laid ------- 18

Appearance of eggs ------- ig

Hatching — Eggs split lengthwise— Shedding of the amnion — Accident

to new born ------- 20

Pigmentation - - - - - - - - 21

Size of larva2 — Appearance of larvae after first ecdysis - - 21

Pronotal changes -------- 21

Appearance of the elytra — Differences between adults and larv;i; - 21

Colors clearly marked - - - - - - - 22

First ecdysis -------- 22

Last ecdysis --------- 23

Phylogeny suggested by the metamorphosis - - - - 24

Enemies --------- 25

External anatomy ------- 27

The pronotum and other parts described - - - - 28

Wings — Tracheation ------- 3°

Variations in middle femora - - - ■ - - 32

CONTENTS

PAGE

First abdominal sclerites— Abdominal appendages ---■,-<

Synopsis of Subfamilies and Genera - - . . - ■^d

Catalogue -■----.. ■,-,

Cladonotinte --------- 40

Genus Choriphyllum -----.. , j

Key to species of Choriiifiyllum - - - . - 42

Genus Phyllonotus ---.._. ^r

Key to species of Phyllonotus ------ 4c

Genus Tylotettix -----.. ^^

Metrodorinas '■----- 48

Genus Chiriquia ---.--.. .

Genus Otumba -■•----- w

Genus Platythorus - - - - . . . r j

Tettiginas ---•--...--,

Genus Nomotettix ■----.. r~.

Key to species of Nomotettix - - - . . - S4

The Tettix group ------- 66

Key to species— Granulatus series— Ornatus series— Arenosus series 66
Genus Tettix ----....

Granulatus series -----..

- 69

Habits of Tettix granulatus ---... yj

Ornatus series -----..

Habits of Tettix ornatus ---...

Habits of Tettix ornatus triangularis - . . .

Arenosus series ■----.-.

7g
81
84
Habits of Tettix gibbosus ------- go

Color varieties of gibbosus ----._ „]

Genus Neotettix ---.-..
Key to species of Neotettix ------

Genus Micronotus -----..

- 92

^ , . - 97

Genus Apotettix ......_ ^

Key to species ot Apotettix ------ jqo

Genus Merotettix ------- [qt

Genus Ochetotettix -----.-. jQg

Key to species of Ochetotettix ----- 106

Genus Paratettix ----..._ jqj>

Key to species of Paratettix ------

Habits of Paratettix cucuUatus - - - - -

Genus Clypeotettix -----..

Genus Allotettix ---■--._ 126

Genus Telmatettix ------- 127

Key to species of Telmatettix - - - - - - 128

Batrachidinffi --------

Genus Paxilla -----..

Genus Tettigidea - - - . . - - 13S

Key to species of Tettigidea in North America - - - - 139

Key to species of Tettigidea in Central America - - - 141

Habits of Tettigidea parvipennis - - - - - - 149

Genus Plectronotus ------- ,51

Genus Scaria --------- jg.

log
112
124

J3
136

CONTENTS , V

PAGE

The United States National Museum collection - - - 164

Neotettix bolivari longipennis — Neotettix coarctatus — Neotettix vari-
abilis described .-.-..- 165
Vivarium experiments — Method — Observations of Tettigids — Habits 167

Hatching Tettix ornatus — Ecdysis - ... - 168

Number of eggs thirteen and twelve — Eggs in the advanced stage
of incubation — Weakness of Males — Third ecdysis — Ornatus lay-
ing in June and July — Fifteen days' incubation - - i6q

A specimen lives from May to August in vivarium — Ornatus hatched
in June matures August 14 — Ornatus and triangularis the same
species — Oviposition — Male stays on the female's back — Eggs
shallowly deposited - - - - - - - 170

Hatching ornatus — Time of pigmentation - - - - 171

Summary of how eggs are laid — Protective resemblance of the eggs
to lichens or moss — Expulsion of faces by means of hind tibia
— Hatching of ornatus — Time perfectly maintained in develop-
ment of embryos — Hatching simultaneously after twenty-three
days — Handling young in transferring to another vivarium - 172

Number of larvse in each brood — Tliirteen larva; the average —
Simultaneously emerging — Tettix ornatus brood of sixteen
hatched June i — Ovipositing — Eighteen minutes covering her
eggs - 173

Twenty-three days' incubation in Tettix ornatus — How the larva
throws off the amnion — Appearance of the eggs just before
hatching — Tettix ornatus having but one leg covers her eggs - 174

Tettix nine days old with reddish femora, protectively colored like
spore-heads of lichens — Three out of thirteen in same brood thus
marked — First ecdysis, tenth and eleventh days after birth —
Tettigids play in sunshine — Oviposition — Male active — Ends of
eggs visible in shallow hole ----- 175

Oviposition of Tettix triangularis — Eleven eggs laid — How the
eggs are covered— Color of newly laid eggs pinkish white — Tettix
ornatus covers her eggs — Oviposition last of June — Tettix tri-
angularis ovipositing last of June — Second or third ovipositing
— Method of covering her eggs ----- 176

Tettix triangularis ovipositing last of June — Living two months in
vivarium — Larvs found in June undergone three molts — Ex-
perimental evidence of polyandry suggesting the transmission
of many lines of descent through the male - - - 177

A brood of twenty-four Tettigidea parvipennis hatches — Pigmen-
tation acquired in fifty minutes — Tettigidea parvipennis eigh-
teen-days' incubation — Sexes remain together three days — Ovi-
positing— Male seeks female afterwards— Twelve eggs laid —
Time of incubation in parvipennis eighteen days - - - 178

Incubation twenty days — Increased heat shortening period of incu-
bation in June — Hatching in July — Parvipennis hatched July 5
matures August 27, 28, and 29 — Spermatozoa live long within
the body of the female — Forty-five eggs laid by parvipennis in
three consecutive periods — First twenty-one, second seven,
third seventeen eggs - - - - - - - 179

vi CONTENTS

PAGE

Parvipennis hatches in fourteen days in July — Twenty-six eggs laid
by parvipennis July 9— Parvipennis lays sixteen eggs July 8—
On July 10 nineteen eggs are laid by parvipennis— Position of
the male during coupling— The grasp of the male— His convul-
sive action during and before coitus - - . . jgo
Appearance of egg shells indicating that the embryo breaks the
shell longitudinally to escape— Mutilation not inherited in the
offspring of Tettix ornatus— Eighteen days' incubation— De-
formity of the tibise in parvipennis — The claws also absent on
the posterior tarsi — Tettigids taken for experiments — Salacious
habits of Tettigidea— Sexes remain long together— In Tettix a
short period at a time — Tettix granulatus in conjugation — Poly-
andry in Tettix ornatus - - - - - - 181

Literature ---.-... jgj

Explanation of Plates --.-... igj

LIST OF PLATES

Plate I. Leaf-like species - . . . Frontispiece

Plate 11. Tettigidea, Paxilla, and Nomotettix - Facing page 14

Plate III. Tetti.x and Tettigidea ■ - - Facing page 28

Plate IV. Tettix - . - - . Facing page 46

Plate \'. Tettix ---... Facing page 64

Plate VI. Apotettix, Telraatettix, and Neotettix, etc Facing page 82

Plate VH. Clypeotettix, Apotettix, Ochetotettix, etc - Facing page 100

Plate VIll. Heads of diEferent Paratettix - - Facing page 118

Plate IX, Heads of Telmatettix, Clypeotettix, etc - P'acing page 136

Plate X. Heads of different Tettigidea - - Facing page 154

Plate XI. Eggs and abdominal appendages - - Facing page 172

LIST OF TEXT ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

Fig.

10.

Fig.

II.

Fig.

12.

Fig.

13-

of Tettix obscurus on title page.
Tettix ornatus triangularis xarieties
View of swampy meadow inhabited by Tettigida;
Tettigidea parvipeniiis preparing hole for the eggs
Spermatozoa ------

Larva of Tettix obscurus

Tettix ornatus, external anatomy -

Tettix granulatus anatomy of thorax

Hind wing of Paratettix cucullatus -

Hind wing of Tettigidea parvi|iennis pennata

Hind wing of Tettix gibbosus

Fore-wing or Elytra of Paratettix cucullatus -

Femora of different Paratettix

First abdominal sclerites

9
II

29
30
30
31
31
32
33

THE TETTIGIDyE OF NORTH AMERICA
JOSEPH LANE HANCOCK

INTRODUCTION

The present monograph treats of a group of small orthop-
tera, some of the members of which are the smallest represen-
tatives of the Acrididse. The group of Tettigida;,* as found
within the confines of the territory here covered, has received
until recently but little special attention. Tettigids or grouse-
locusts, the name by which these insects are commonly known,
are widely distributed over the world, there being fewer species
here than occur in some foreign tropical countries. Still
North America is much richer than Europe in the actual
number of species. The present contribution brings together,
as far as possible, what is known of the species inhabiting
North America, Central America, Mexico, and the West
Indies, the aim of its preparation being to stimulate further
study of this inconspicuous, though most interesting, orthop-
teran group. While approximately ninety-nine species are
here mentioned, further investigation might have rendered the
treatment more complete and satisfactory by the addition of
new material. Whatever the field may be it is fully appreciated
that before our ink is dry new discoveries may change some
of our present conceptions.

During the nine years of study, in which a riper knowl-
edge has been sought, it has been necessary to revise the
manuscript many times, owing to accumulated observations
and descriptions of species and data published by other observ-
ers. Types of a great many of the described forms have
been critically examined. The author has been able to add
materially to the knowledge of the habits of some of these
little orthoptera. The drawings of the various plates and text

* The Tettigidtc should not be confused with Tettigiidiv, a name sometimes applied to
the CicadidiV,

2 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

figures were made by the author and with but few exceptions,
designated further on, are taken from nature.

After the description of each species the bibliography is
appended. This part of the work was facilitated by the recent
appearance of the excellent " Index of North American Orthop-
tera," by Dr. S. H. Scudder. New synoptical tables are pre-
sented herewith, which modify to some extent those already
published by the author. In the biological field there are
many problems here suggested which invite the student of
evolution. For instance, of peculiar interest is the last ecdy-
sis in which the elytra in many of the northern forms, which
in the earlier larval stages are obscured from view, now take
a position at the side of the body in the posterior elytral
sinus. The wings likewise become explicate, taking a folded
position when at rest under the pronotum, where they become
partly visible. Few groups of insects present such numerous
variations, which, viewed from the quantitative standpoint, are
as yet but little appreciated. Again, the embryology of the
group will doubtless throw important light on very interesting
questions of its phylogeny.

It would have been impossible to present the subject, even
in its present form, without the kind co-operation of a number
of observers who generously aided me in various ways. To
them the author here takes pleasure in acknowledging his
obligation.* Professor Ignacio Bolivar, of Madrid, Spain,
identified some of the doubtful species referred to him, and
very generously furnished a number of exotic forms. Mr.
A. P. Morse, of Wellesley, Massachusetts, in a like spirit
of generosity, allowed me to examine a large series, and
contributed a number of species to my collection. Some of
his types were also examined. Dr. S. H. Scudder, through
whose correspondence a number of species have been clearly
defined, allowed me the opportunity of examining his type
examples of Tcttix acadiciis and Paxilla obesa. To Professor
H. De Saussure the author is indebted for a rare copy of one
of his memoirs and correspondence. From Mr. Malcolm Burr,

• I am much indebted to the officers of the United States National Museum for placing
the collection comprising three hundred and thirty-two specimens at my disposal for
study.

HANCOCK 3

of East Grinstead, England, came the gift of interesting exotic
species, valuable for comparison. To Professor J. G. Need-
ham, Lake Forest University, the author is under obligations
for the determination of certain points in the tracheation of
the wings. Through friendly association or contributions
of series to my collection may be mentioned Professor W. M.
Wheeler, University of Texas; Professor W. S. Blatchley, In-
dianapolis, Indiana; Dr. F. W. Goding, New South Wales,
Australia; Professor M. J. Elrod, and C. C. Adams, Blooming-
ton, Illinois; Dr. R. W. Kunze, Phoenix, Arizona; Professor
C. F. Baker, Auburn, Alabama; Dr. Martin Matter, J. E.
McDade, and Professor O. S. Westcott, of Chicago; Dr. Hugo
Karl, Lawrence, Kansas; C. F. Adams, Atherton, Missouri;
O. W. Barrett, Mexico; R. J. Crew and E. M. Walker, of
Toronto, Canada; B. T. Gault, Glen EUyn, Illinois; the late
A. Bolter, of Chicago; and Professor Otto Lugger, of St.
Anthony Park, Minnesota, also now deceased.

Foremost in laying the foundation of our present systematic
knowledge of the Tettigidre was the admirable essay (1887) of
Professor Ignacio Bolivar. Upon this work more than any
other the writer has based the present 'systematic studies. It
will be observed that, through lack of adequate material at
that time, the species of North America were not treated
thoroughly and the identity of species was more or less con-
fused. But as a notable general contribution the work of
Bolivar stands as a classic. Pearlier writers described here
and there an isolated species. Those who have enriched the
subject may be mentioned: Say, De Saussure, Burmeister,
Harris, and Scudder. Notable among the more recent contri-
butions are several by my colleague, Mr. A. P. Morse, whose
systematic studies of North American and Central American
species have been the most important. Citations from other
observers will be found in the body of this article.

ORIGIN OF THE NAME TETTIX.

The genus Tettix was first known by the appellation Tetrix, which was given by
Latraille (1804) to a well defined group of Acridians, which in succeeding? years became
known under various names, but we recognize these insects from the time of Linnaeus
{1764). whose figures are unmistakable. T. bipunctatus and T, subulatus oi Europe were

4 TETTIGIDyE OF NORTH AMERICA

the first to be made known. The synonymy of the term as applied to the entire group which
we now understand as the Tettigidcr, from this early period to the present time, is as fol-
lows: Bulla. Linnaus (1764); Acrydium, Fabricius (i775), Zetterstedt ('21); Actidium,
Say ('24), Olivier ('25). Kirby ('37), DeHann ('42); Telrix. LatraiUe ('04), Burmeister ('38).
Harris ('41): Tetricidiles, Serville ('39>; Platyparyphaea. Fieber {'53): Tetticiens. De Saus-
sure ('60): Tetricides, Scudder ('5S); Tettigidx. Walker ('69). Bolivar ('87), Brunner ('03),
Hancock ('96). Hancock ('00); Tettrgins. Thomas ('73), Fernald ('88), Morse ('94), Bueten-
muller ('94), Blatchley ('92), Lugger ('97). Smith (96), Walker ('98), Scudder ('97), Morse
('00), Scudder (01); Tettigides, Shipley ('98).

Although LatraiUe first applied the term Tetrix, as we understand the name to-day, it
is essentially the same genus as that defined by Charpentier {'41) as Tettix, and later used
by Fisher ('r3), and so on down to the present time. The word Tetrix is of Greek origin,
meaning grasshopper. Harris supposed that LatraiUe applied the term to the Tettigida
from some fanciful resemblance to the heath-cock of Europe. In North .America the name
grouse-locusts has to some extent been applied toTettigids in consequence of this supposed
similarity. A number of common names have been created for the various species. Thus
Harris gave five names to a single species. Tettix ornatits, basing these names principally
upon color-markings.

Notwithstanding the very marked characters dividing the
Tettigian group from the other orthoptera, the earlier authors
in some instances failed to grasp the real taxonomic differ-
ences. We find, for instance, members of the genus Cltori-
phylliiin Serville (See Plate I., Figure i), placed among the
Membracida, a fundamentally different order of insects,
though possessing the same analogous, prothoracic develop-
ment. By reason of the great difficulty in classifying the
species synonyms have accumulated.

CHARACTERS DISTINGUISHING THE GROUP.

The characters which distinguish the Tettigidae from other
groups of orthoptera may be stated briefly as follows: They
are among the smallest orthoptera. They have a large pro-
notum, covering the mesonotum, the metanotum, and not
infrequently extending bevond the end of the abdomen and
the apex of the posterior femora; presenting very small,
rudimentary elytra formed like little lobes or scales, and
situated on each side of the body within the posterior elytral
sinus at the base of the wings. The wings ma}- be large and
well developed. They are remarkable for the narrowing of
the wing proper or the part before the anal furrow (this
portion being usually exposed and partially chitinized) and
for the enormous development of the anal area, as more
fully described and illustrated further on. The elytra and
wings are not infrequently rudimentary or even absent; the

HANCOCK 5

prosternum is specialized in a sternomentum (chin-piece);
the mesosternal plate is wider than long, the metasternum
strongly curved; there is no aroleum between the terminal
claws of the tarsi; the ninth and tenth tera:a of the abdomen
in both sexes are provided with a median longitudinal sulcus;
the subgenital plate of the male, viewed in profile, is conical
or triangular, the cerci conico-cylindrical and very small, the
supraanai plate lanceolate or triangular ; the female ovipositor
serrulate, with sharp diverging extremities. During the last
ecdysis in arriving at the adult stage, the elytra take their
position on either side of the body and the wings become
extended and folded under the pronotal process.

DISTRIBUTION.

The Tettigidje were divided by Bolivar into seven sec-
tions, none of which it is necessary to revise. Of this number
four subfamilies appear to be represented, namely: Clado-
notincB, Aletrodorince, Tcttigince, and BatracliidincB. Of the
Cladonotince, the remarkable leaf-like CJwriphyllnm, Walk., and
Phyllonotns, Hanc, are represented in the West Indies. Mem-
bers of these genera exemplify the highest type of protective
resemblance. Another genus, Tylotettix, Morse, comes from
Nicaragua. Of the Metrodori?i(e the following genera: Chiri-
quia, Morse, Otumba, Morse, and Platythonis, Morse, are from
Nicaragua. The TcttigincF are represented by eleven genera;
the first, Nomotcttix, Morse, is largely distributed in the north-
eastern United States, but appears as well in Kansas, Nebraska,
Illinois, and southward. The genus Tettix, Charp., is numer-
ously represented by various species covering the temperate
region, extending north, and two species appear in the south-
ern United States. This genus was formerly thought to be
represented by one species in South America, namely, T.
aspcrulns, Bol., but this species appears to come under the
genus Apotettix, Hanc. Ncotcttix, Hanc, is essentially a south-
ern genus. Micronotiis, Hanc, as we have already mentioned,
is from the West Indies. Apotettix, Hanc, appears in Mexico
and Texas. The genus Oclietotettix , Morse, is Mexican. The

6 TETTIGID.i OF NORTH AMERICA

distribution of Paratcttix, Bol., is north, northeast, and south-
ward into Mexico and Central America. Clypeotettix, Hanc,
is Central American and Mexican. Alloiettix, Hanc, is Cen-
tral and South American. Tchnatcttix , Hanc, is found in the
western, and southern United States, Mexico, and southward.
Paxilla, Bol., is represented by a very singular monotypic
species in Florida and Georgia. Tcttif^idca, Scudd., is quite
widely distributed over North America, Mexico, and Central
America. Plcctronotus, Morse, is a Central American genus,
while Scaria, Bol., is Central American extending southward.

RECENT ADDITIONS OF GENERA.

Some species which were formerly known under the genus
Batrachidca were brought together by Morse (1894), under the
genus Noinotcttix. A genus which remained until recently
unrecognized in the southern United States was brought to
light by Hancock (1S98). To this genus he gave the name
Ncotcttix. Still more recently Morse (1899) added to our
fauna the genus Mcrotettix from California, a very curious
genus somewhat like the Criotcttix of the Philippines. Bolivar
included in the genus Paratettix an assemblage of species
which, after more critical study, evince differences of struc-
ture of such a range as to separate them into generic positions.
To summarize: P. aztccus of Bolivar forms the type of a distinct
group {Tchnatcttix, Hanc), having the vertex strongly nar-
rowed anteriorly. P. po'uvianus, Bol., forms another group
(Allotettix, Hanc), characterized by a prolongate body and
equal length of the posterior tarsal articles. Similarly P.
scliochii, Bol., typifies a group {Clypcotettix , Hanc), in which
the head is somewhat retracted within the dilate pronotum,
and the femora present an extraordinary clypeate form. It is
seen Paratcttix proper is narrowed down to a circumscribed
group which still comes within the meaning of Bolivar's origi-
nal description. Morse (1900) has made known a number of
interesting genera in the material gathered for the Biologia
Centrali Americana. Tylotettix, Chiriquia, Otiimba, Platytliorus,
Oclietotcttix, and Plectroiwtus are worthy of special mention.

HANCOCK 7

The genus Micronotus, Hanc, is a West Indian type which
might easily be taken for a Tettix or Neotcttix were it not for
the filamentous elongate character of the antennae. It will
probably prove upon further study that the genus Apotettix,
Hanc, has a more extensive range.

TEMPERATE FORMS COMPARED.

The species of temperate North America are, generally
speaking, simpler in structure than those of the subtropical or
purely tropical regions. In the latter regions their bodies are
more extremely modified in structure, the pronotum being
particularly specialized owing to the prominent part it plays
in covering and protecting the body. The body of Tettigids
sometimes takes on grotesque forms; for instance, the pro-
notum may be strongly compressed or foliaceous, as evidenced
in Clioriphyllum, or the median carina may be cristate as in
Nomotcttix, the pronotum depressed as in Paratettix, elongate
as in Allotcttix, tumid as in Paxilla. These suggest the possi-
bilities of modification of structure. The correlation of parts
offers one of the most interesting points of view from which
to study these insects.

The relative frequency of certain long wing forms as com-
pared with their near congeners, the short-wing forms, is well
illustrated in temperate latitudes by the species Paratettix
CHCiilatus, Morse. In the northeastern parts of the United
States especially the brachypterous forms are exceedingly
rare. The same agency is at work in the case of Tettix
gramdatus, Scudd., in which the short-wing forms are quite
rare. On the other hand, Tettix o. triangularis, Morse, and
its macropterous prototype, oriiatiis, Harr. , are in some situ-
ations equally common.

Many species of Tettigidae are dimorphic, some more or less
polymorphic as well as polyornate, showing a remarkable
plasticity. It was this knowledge of the great variety of
structure that led Professor Bolivar to speak of them as pro-
teiform. It will be observed that some genera are rich in
closely allied species and by properly directed interbreeding the

8 TE TTIGID.-E « OF NOR TH AMERICA

line of demarkation, no doubt, would be found in many instances
to insensibly disappear and real species be fewer. As a matter
of convenience the line is drawn arbitrarily in dividing species,
whereas in nature there is one continuous descent. In a num-
ber of instances numerous Tettigids of different species have
been kept alive for successive years under observation by the
author in vivarium jars, and their habits in nature have also
been watched. The hatching and raising of larvze from the
eggs to adult life was accomplished under observation, their
feeding habits determined and a knowledge of certain phases
of their life history was gleaned. Some observations having
a special bearing on our subject are given in the form of notes
under their proper headings. These researches were made
with a view of determining certain questions in biology, which
in a few instances are satisfactorily answered. On the other
hand, an endless field of inquiry is opened which it is proposed
to carry further in the future.

COLLECTING.

In the marshy meadows in the latter part of May or the
first week in June the attention is attracted to the hordes
of locusts, principally the young of the larger Acridiida;,
of which the genus Melanoplus predominates.* The sight
becomes bewildered on trying to trace the individuals. Per-
haps the grass and other vegetation has gained marked head-
way by the advancing of the season. In such situations the
water of the marsh may have evaporated considerably, giving
one an opportunity of walking over ground previously inun-
dated. Here, along with the young of the other orthoptera
mentioned, but lying close to the ground, are to be found cer-
tain members of the Tettigid.ne. The jump of the Tettigid is
peculiar in that it is (juick and inconspicuous, and in this that

* There was a luxuriance of vegetation after recent rains, tlie marshy meadow was fairly
glowing in flowers of Phlox, which gave beautiful color to the field. But this was one of an
almost bewildering number of species of plants which on every inch of the black loam
struggled to outdo its neiyhbors. Just so with the insect life. .As 1 stood in one spot I
could enumerate dozens of kinds, some of which had now for the first time emerged upon
the scene this season. This was the picture presented to the eye now, where a month pre-
vious the shortly cropped marshy land had been the habitat of numerous Tettigid<t^ while
now it is next to impossible to find one. Observation made at Chicago, June 26, 1898.

HANCOCK 9

it alights almost invariably on the ground. The young of the
larger orthoptera usually alight on grass or stems of plants,
dodging behind them for protection. The remarkable color
of these Acridians, harmonizing in every instance with the soil,
makes it sometimes difficult to locate them. This protective

Fig. I. Some individual variations in the markings of Tettix ornatus trian-
gularis. All found on light loam in an open meadow, within an
area of a few yards, at Kenilworth, Illinois, July lo. Adult
females enlarged from photograph by the author.

resemblance is carried out to perfection, the little insects
living on the soil scattered with debris faded out by the hot
sun, and the lights and shadows, in whatever way they play, are
copied exactly. No shade, color, or arrangement of markings
seems impossible of simulation, and every individual is a study
in color harmony. Other points of the environment, and the
habits connected therewith, are noted further on. The insects
may be taken by hand or with a net; with the latter they are
frequently taken by the method known as "sweeping."

PROTECTIVE COLORING.

The innumerable shades of color in the soil are sometimes
copied in the young Tettigids most exquisitely. Along the
sheltered banks of the Des Plaines River, in Illinois, the author
saw hundreds which, on viewing them closely, showed the
similarity existing between the colors of the ground and those
of the little locusts. As evidence of this several young speci-
mens of Ti'ttix, from five to six millimeters in length, were
peculiarly marked with frosted white, and these were on
ground which was similarly colored from fungi or decayed
algae and other microscopic dead vegetable organisms. A

lo TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

singular instance of this protective resemblance at one point
was discovered where fragments of reddish bits of insect
borings, fallen from outstretched limbs of trees, were exactly
matched with a patch of color on the pronotum, usually in front
of the shoulders and on the sides. Mottlings of various kinds
upon the hind femora still further helped to protect the species
on the ground. Half dead and bleached grasses, sedges, and
other plants which give a yellowish cast to the ground, along
with the ripened seeds falling in profusion, add shades of reds
and browns. In this environment was noticed a Tettix
with the back a light grayish fuscous, conspersed with whitish
granulations, and a strongly marked banner spot between the
shoulders of rich yellow ochre. This banner spot broke the
continuity of surface and was perfectly protective, and the same
individual was still further adorned by the same shade of yel-
low on the pronotal process and knees of the hind femora.
But the ornamentation did not cease here, for two triangular
spots behind the yellow banner spot, and a dark edging in
front of it, was present. The eyes were hyaline above, a
blackish stripe passing through the middle horizontally, and
spoke-like radiations from the center gave a hazel appearance
to them. Annulations of fuscous on the legs and antennae
added to the effectual protection of this species. The femora
at the middle third was tinted a bright sienna. It seems from
these observations and others previously noted that it is para-
mount to the perpetuation of the species that colors must vary
through a wide range in individuals of the same species. The
picture presented to the mind on viewing the live insects in
their natural environment is far more satisfactory to the
student of color than viewing the changed or darkened cabi-
net specimens. Observation taken at Riverside, Illinois,
August iS, 1899. See further observations in sequence.

HABITS.

Many if not all of the species of TettigidjE in the temperate
region hibernate, secreting themselves among debris such as
dead leaves, twigs, mosses, grasses, as well as under logs and
bark, and in the little crevices in the earth where they happen

HANCOCK 1 1

to be late in the fall of the year. They live on the ground,
usually near water, either in boggy places, along the banks of
streams, the shores of small lakes or swamps, in woods, or
more rarely on dry upland ground. They feed upon the vege-
table mold or decomposing soil sometimes mixed with algn;,* or

Fig. 2. Swampy meadow inliabited by Tettigidae. From a photograph.

on the lichens, mosses, tender sprouting grasses, sedges, germi-
nating seeds of plants and debris found in such situations.
Particularly sought-after morsels are the various colored surface
clays and the black muck, consisting of rich vegetable mold.f
They are ravenous eaters, as one might infer from the dietary
list just mentioned, and the fecal excrement, on reaching the

» .\ microscopic examination of the abdominal contents of TV/Zii- showed numbers of
mold spores and alga: mixed with particles of quartz sand. There were also some infu-
soria-like bodies and macerated material. (July 4, 1901.)

t See article by the author on " The Food Habits of the Tettigida;." Ent. Record and
Jour. Variation. X. p. 6-7, iSqS.

12 TETTIGID.^E OF NORTH AMERICA

end of the abdominal ajjpendages {Tetlix), is thrust away from
the body by a rapid kick of the hind tibia.

In the middle of May (Illinois) the first eggs are laid in
the ground, the female accomplishing this act by making a
shallow burrow with her ovipositor. The young larvae hatched
from this brood mature by fall, passing the following winter
in the adult state. The broods hatched in late June and early
July are often immature by the time winter arrives, and we
find them hibernating in the pupa state. Thus it is that the
Tettigidae are about the earliest insects to be found in the
Spring, appearing as early as March. The time of incubation
varies with the temperature, the early broods of Tcttix hatch-
ing in twenty-three days, but as the days become warmer this
period is shortened to sixteen days. The number of eggs of
Tt'/y/xand Paratcttix vary considerably, but they are more often
ten, thirteen, or sixteen in each burrow; in Tettigidca varying
from twelve to twenty-six. A departure from the habit com-
mon to the larger AcrididjE, is the laying of eggs irregularly
together in a pear-shaped mass instead of an egg-pod. (See
Plate XI., Figure 2.) In depositing the eggs, they are laid,
one by one, side by side, as shown in the accompanying
illustration, forming a round mass at the bottom of the bur-
row, the attenuated extremities directed upward vertically.
A glutenous secretion which is excreted after each egg passes
from the vagina holds the eggs together. The burrow is
round, rather shallow in Tcttix, deeper in the genus Tettigidea,
usually from five to ten millimeters below the surface;
and after the eggs are deposited the opening is covered up by
particles of earth scraped up with the hind tarsus (Tettix) or
the ovipositor {Tcttigidcu). The acutely pointed extremity
in the eggs of Tcttix serves admirably for protection. Owing
to the shallowness of the burrow the tops of the eggs are quite
near the surface, and sometimes exposed, though the female
usually endeavors to conceal the eggs with various particles
of earth. In certain situations, as when they are deposited
in lichens or moss, an insect enemy might easily pass the
exposed pointed extremities without molestation. Again
the pointed pole of the eggs would be more difficult to destroy

HANCOCK

or would be mistaken for the tops of seeds of grasses,
or parts of plants, especially the leaves of polytrichum. With
the genus Tctiigidca, where the eggs are laid deeper in the

Fig. 3. Tettigidea parvipennis preparing the burrow for the eggs. En-
larged about four diameters.

ground, their extremities, while attenuated, would not be so
liable to attack from this source, and are not in consequence
so specialized at the cephalic pole.

CHANGING ENVIRONMENT.

In the early spring the vegetable mold immediately border-
ing rivers is frequented by numerous Tettigids, and while
Parateltix cucnllahts remain close to the edge of the streams
the year round, Tcttix seem to be forced back farther and
farther away as the season's wealth of vegetation comes up
and spreads over the river banks. Similarly in swampy
meadows in the spring Tcttix and Tettigidea are more easily
detected than later on in the season when the wild flora of
considerable height then covers the earth. On the other
hand, in the late fall some species are taken quite easily;
Notnotettix, for instance, which frequent drier sandy soils.

14 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

Moreover, at this later period, in favorable places some species,
as Tettigidea and Tettix migrate, and for that reason become
abundant locally, for the time being at least.

MIGRATORY HAUITS.

One can scarcely conceive of the activity shown in the life
of the Tettigida; unless special study has been devoted to them.
The warm summer sunlight brings this activity to perfection;
the long-winged adult forms delight to sport in the sunshine,
instantaneously spreading widely and as quickly closing the
prismatic semi-transparent wings. The flight of Tettigids is
rapid, noiseless,* and inconspicuous, or some of the abbreviated
forms hug the ground closely, scarcely ever attempting flight.
Tettigids have amazing leaping power, and their small size and
inconspicuous colors and markings have usually made them
scarce in collections in which other insects are well repre-
sented. A restless period seems to seize some species in the
fall of the year, especially among the long-winged forms of the
genera Tettigidea and Tettix. At this time local flights have
been recorded of considerable extent. In northeastern Illi-
nois during sudden storms multitudes are blown into Lake
Michigan, from which, however, they usuallyare washed ashore,
forming wind rows with the other insects suffering like calam-
ity, yet ultimately escape unharmed owing to their naturally
semi-aquatic habits. In the American Naturalist, 1894, the
writer recorded a flight of these locusts, and since then, on
several occasions in the fall, similar migrations have been
observed.! With these insects during the flights other larger
Acridiida, Lociistidce and Gryllidie are not infrequently associ-
ated.

SEXES UNITING IN THE SPRING.

The tendency of present-day penetration into the deeper
causes of the evolution of sex makes it necessary to record

* Riley savs of Tettix graimlatus that they tly with a buzzing noise like a Hesh Hy,
Rep't U. S. Ent. Conini., p. 256, 1877.

tProf. J. G. Needham. in an interesting article in "Occasional Memoirs of the Chicago
Entomological Society," I, pp. 19-26 (1900). relates a remarkable experience in Hnding multi-
tudes among the insect drift along the shore of Lake Michigan.

Tettigidae of North America

Plate II

--^

ti^^'^

J. L. HANCOCK, EEL.

SrHNIidl fhOT«-r.aAVUM»CO

HANCOCK 15

the sexual habits of insects, and these little orthoptera are
not without interest in this regard.

In the spring the male and female effect conjugation, vary-
ing from a few hours to days before the egg-laying process
commences. In Tcttigidea the two sexes often stay together
for some days at a time. The male, being much smaller, rides
about on the female's back unless she rids herself of his pres-
ence by a vigorous jump. During actual conjugation the
subgenital plate of the male is capable of being lifted up from
a horizontal plane to nearly upright. Its superior surface is
grooved in the middle and it is anteriorly obtusely angulate.
This superior portion answers as a shield which covers the
opening of the spermatic ducts. It is upon this obtusely
pointed anterior border that the edge of the last abdominal
segment (sternum) below the female ovipositor is clasped, thus
affording a hold and retaining the proper position of the geni-
talia during copulation.* The superior shield or surface
ordinarily when at rest is covered partly by the pointed supra-
anal plate. The difference in their positions in activity and
repose is extraordinary, the stuctures in activity being drawn
out of any semblance to their passive position; and it must
be remembered the anterior border of the shield is not at all
observable ordinarily, only that part behind showing which is
not covered by the supra-anal plate.

In Tcttix the two sexes do not often remain long in copu-
lation, often only a few minutes at a time. During the active
egg-laying period the female is sought after by the males.

POLYANDRY AMONG THE TETTIGID^.

The existence of polyandry among the Tettigidae forms an
important factor in accounting for variations. In those species
where the sexes remain longer together, as in the genus Tctti-
gidea, the extent of polyandry is not so great as among Tcttix
and allied genera, in which the individuals stay together but
a short period, thus allowing a greater number of males access
to the female. It will be remembered that among Tettix and

* In some orthoptera chitinous hooks arm the caudal end of the penis.

1 6 TETTIGID.^E OF NORTH AMERICA

allied genera an unusual diversity of coloring and polymor-
phism exists. Polyandry occurs in most if not all the species
and in Tettix the number of different males received by one
female may be considerable, as shown in the experimental
evidence. (See experiments further on.)

SEXUAL HABITS.

When the male sights the female he walks with a hurried,
tremulous gait, or sometimes it is jerky. Stealing nearer, he
runs up close, climbing on her back from the side. Some-
times in his e.xcitement he faces temporarily in a reversed
position while on her back. The males seem to recognize
each other and though they may climb on each others' backs,
they seem to appreciate the sex, yet the sexes resemble
each other with the exception of size, the female being
considerably the larger. As shown by experimental observa-
tions, copulation lasts from a few seconds to several minutes.
In Tettix there is no anatomical provision for clasping the
female permanently, so that the male and female cannot go
about together for long periods, as occurs in the genus Tctti-
gidca and some other genera. At the sight of another species
or an uncongenial male the female usually shakes her body.
The author saw a female Tettix gibbosus recognize a male one
and a half inches away, and she made her aversion known in
the way above mentioned. After sexual conjugation the
ovipositor is made to open and close repeatedly to favor the
entrance of the male secretion.

In Tettigidea parvipentiis ihe male jumps on the female's
back, riding about in this position until she becomes quiet.
At the same time he watches for the opportunity of effecting
conjugation. In his excitement he begins to lengthen out
the abdomen preparatory to emission. The appendages
undergo a jerking motion, then suddenly his hind legs
straighten out behind in a convulsive orgasm over her body,
the appendages now becoming moistened. Immediately
reviving, he backs a little, keeping, however, his forelegs
grasping her body. With his abdomen extended and reaching

HANCOCK

down below the female's and to one side, he turns up the end
so that it affixes the subgenital plate by its anterior border, as
we have described, to the process of the last sternum below her
ovipositor, fastening it securely in position. Now he rides
with impunity about on her back out of her reach. At this
time his hind legs are usually drawn up out of the way, taking
no part in grasping her body. The female becomes, after a
time, resigned to the male's presence and goes about as usual.
The male, unwilling to leave his position, often takes food
while still clinging to her back.

TETTIGIAN SPERMATOZOA.

The spermatozoa are found in multitudes as hair-like bodies
in two whitish glands at the extremity within the male abdo-
men. When these glands are opened at the proper time

Fig. 4. Spermatozoon of Tettigidca parvipennis. A, dorsal and lateral
aspect of body: a, cephalic segment; (^, mesosegment; f, caudal
segment. B, Paratetti.x CKCitllatiis, the different parts designated
as in preceding figure.

under favorable conditions with a needle, the spermatozoa,
which are not motile at first, upon exposure to a warmed
saline solution exhibit remarkable movements. In Tctti-

1 8 TETTIGJD.E OF NORTH AMERICA

gidca parvipcniiis, with a twelfth Leitz oil immersion objective,
the author observed a thin undulate protoplasmic keel, which
arises close to the head and extends nearly the whole length of
the body (Fig. 4A), but becoming attenuated and disappearing
near the extremity of the body. The body of the spermatozoa
is exceedingl)' long and hair-like, bending from side to side in
the medium in which it was examined. Motion is communi-
cated by the waving keel movements which pass along
throughout its length. This keel or carina acts as a long fin
which propels the body. It seemed on first viewing these
spermatozoa that a spiral motion in the axis of the body
was apparent, but on further examination and waiting for the
motions to become slow it was found that this was a deception
caused by looking on the dorsal aspect of the body, the
undulating motion giving a false impression of revolutions.
The spermatozoa of Tcttigidea has a very short compresso-
pointed head-piece and comparatively short tail-piece.

In Paratcttix cucuUatns (Fig. 4B) the body of the spermato-
zoon is exceedingly drawn out into a hair-like form. The head
is short, thin, and acutely pointed; the middle-piece is formed
into a high, rather short, protoplasmic keel. Commencing at
the point of meeting with the head, the middle-piece is sud-
denly e.xpanded and nearly the same width for a short distance
backward, when it becomes rapidly attenuated and continues
as an unkeeled portion, finall}' joining the long hair-like tail.
Paratettix spermatozoa are keeled much wider than those of
Tettigidea, and in this genus the keel extends only a small
part of the whole length, the edge of the keel not being sin-
uate as in Tcttis-idca.

HOW THE EGGS ARE LAID.

Speaking generally, when the female desires to lay her
eggs, she selects a suitable spot on the earth, sometimes on the
muddy ground {Paratcttix), or on vegetable mold, or among
moss and lichens (Tcttix and Tcttigidea). Satisfied as to the
spot, she curves the abdomen under her; the blades of the
ovipositor, directed downward, are forced into the ground.

HANCOCK 19

By undergoing a spreading and closing process, this instru-
ment, composed of two pairs of serrulate blades, Fig. 3, sepa-
rates the particles readily, while at the same time the boring is
facilitated by turning the abdomen upon the long axis of the
body. The ovipositor is carried down to its utmost depth in
the ground by lengthening of the abdomen. It not infre-
quently happens that just before and during ovipositing the
male is found on the female's back. During this time of egg-
laying the front and middle pairs of legs are so raised that she
stands on "tip-toe," while the hind legs are drawn up to the
sides, out of the way, taking no part whatever in the process.
As will be noted in the sequence the time consumed in ovipos-
iting varies, one hour being an average in Tcttix.

APPEARANCE OF EGGS.

Plate XL, Figures 2--3a.

In Tettix ornatiis triangularis the ^'g'g is elongate, one and
three quarters of a millimeter in length, slightly curved in its
long axis. It is one-third as wide as its length, without the
narrow extremity. The posterior extremity or pole is obtusely
rounded, the anterior pole slightly smaller, and here it is sud-
denly reduced into a small, rather acute, extended and some-
times curved process. The eggs of Tcttigidea parvipemiis
differ from Tettix in being more "wine-bottle" form, and
larger; the width is contained five times in the total length,
the e.gg being rather straight in the long axis, and beginning
a little before the middle, being more gradually attenuated
toward the anterior pole, where, near the end, it is a little
more suddenly reduced. The anterior pole is not so acutely
pointed as in Tcttix. The posterior pole is obtusely rounded.

When recently laid, the eggs are a beautiful pinkish white,
but after more advanced incubation they turn to a more
opaque greenish yellow-white.

20 TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA

HATCHING OF TETTIGIDiE.

The young, which are always white, excepting the reddish
eyes, emerge from a little hole which the first hatched makes
by worming its way to the surface. Were we watching the
spot from which a new brood was about to make their exit into
the outer world, we would see them, one by one, following the
leader, coming out upon the ground through a little opening.
As if exhausted after a struggle the young larva on reaching the
outside lies motionless for a moment. Then vigorously spread-
ing the legs and expanding the body, the veil-like amnion is
torn open and immediately the little earthly visitor finds a
footing on the ground. One after another emerges (each
hardly waiting for its predecessor to come out of the opening),
and goes hurriedly through the shedding of the amnion vest-
ment, which, as we have said before, is folded backward and
at last kicked off by the hind tibia. Within a little distance
from the hole and encircling it are seen sometimes these
vestiges in the form of scarcely visible scattered white specks.

The young larvpe emerge from the attenuated extremity,
or anterior pole, the head being thus directed in the later
embryological stages. It more often happens that the
^SS splits lengthwise during the escape of the larva. After
breaking through the egg shell and pushing up to the sur-
face, the amnion is shed, as above described. From this
time on to maturity we have seen individual variations of
marking and coloring, as well as differences in structure ema-
nating from the same mass of eggs, but this will be considered
at greater length further on.* When a few moments have
passed all are out upon the ground, having gained a footing
and scattered a short distance away. It is at this time it some-
times happens an accident befalls one of the new-born, which,
though having sufficient strength to come to the surface, fails
in its effort to throw off the amnion and thus perishes from
exhaustion. Then again it not infrequently occurs that a
tardy individual comes out a longer or shorter period after
the others.

*See article by the author on the experimental hatching,' of Faratettix cucttllatus.
Trans, .^m. Ent. Soc, XXUI, 241-242, 1896.

HANCOCK 3 1

The reaction of the environment on the little Tettigids from
now on is interesting to observe. During a time extending
from a few minutes to a half hour after emerging, the pale
white larvjE undergo pigmentation and are soon lost from
view, the most careful scrutiny becoming necessary to detect
them now on the ground.

SIZE OF TETTIGIDS LARV^.

As the eggs would indicate, the young of Tettigidca, when
first born, are considerably larger than Tettix or Paratettix,
and are quite easily distinguished even at this early period.
In Tettigidca parvipefinis, just before the first ecdysis or the
first larval stage, the body is quite slender; the pronotum
about twice the length of the head. After the first ecdysis
or during the second larval stage, the body becomes more
compact or stouter, the pronotum becoming proportionately
larger, more strongly carinate and arcuate, and then an apical
process lengthens out, covering nearly half the abdomen. In
the first stage there are ten joints in the antennae, the joints
being divided by a whitish line, but in the second stage the
third and fourth antennal articles become distinctly divided,
increasing the number to eleven.

PRONOTAL CHANGES.

As each molt proceeds, the pronotum, which in the begin-
ning only just covers the metanotum, gradually develops, and
during the last or fourth molt reaches its maximum size and
the antennae then consist of the full complement of twenty-two
articles.

APPEARANCE OF THE ELYTRA.

It is after the fourth, or rarely the fifth, ecdysis that the
elytra, which have not heretofore been visible, take their
position at the sides of the body, and the wings extend back-
ward and longitudinally folded under the now fully developed
pronotal process. The adult can thenceforth be distinguished
from the larva.

TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA

COLORS CLEARLY MARKED.

After the last ecdysis the colors are most vivid and clean.
How long the Tettigid can continue living in its adult life is
not known, but certainly we know it can live as long as two
years, and it is not improbable it lives much longer. After a
year the markings usually become of duller hue, and some-
times the body becomes tinged greenish from the attachment
of a lichen growth to the surface.

The first ecdysis takes place in about ten days;* the insect
then may be quite differently colored from the stage just
preceding, or may carry onward the same coloration, the same
being true of the markings. This applies to all the different
stages.

FIRST ECDYSIS OF TETTIGIDS.

We might suspect the process about to take place by the
quiet actions of the insects on the ground, grass-stem, or other

Fig. 5. Larva of Teitix ohscunis, fmir millimeters in length, after the
second ecdysis, a and /' lateral and dorsal aspects of body.
Note the absence of elytral sinus.

low plant upon which they climb. Granting we are looking
at a larva on the ground, the insect is seen to attach its feet

* The females grow much faster and are bulkier than the males. This rapidity of growth
is^to^a great extent dependent on the food eaten, and in turn the nutrition exerts an
influence on the period of ecdysis.

HANCOCK 33

with a firm grasp and drop the antennae downward; the color
becomes perceptibly paler, when shortly the skin splits over
the head region to the vertex in the median line, the rent then
extending backward over the dorsum. The head and anten-
nae are then released from the mask, which on loosening is
facing downward and forward ; the forward and middle pair
of legs and abdomen, and finally the hind legs, are extricated
in the order named. The larva, then completely free to act,
though not yet hardened, walks forward a little on the ground,
the posterior tibs somewhat bowed. Here, near the empty
cuticle, the insect remains to sun itself and take on the neces-
sary pigmentation, for the body is pale; a little darker, how-
ever, than when first born. The pronotum has not at first
materially changed, but soon commences to stretch out behind
into a rudimentary apical process. The head and bod}' become
more compact, and by comparison with the preceding stage
the modification of form is remarkable. The changes above
related take about an hour.

LAST ECDYSIS AS ILLUSTRATED BY TETTIX ORNATUS
TRIANGULARIS.

The last molt, which is the most striking feature of the
metamorphosis of Tettigians, is well illustrated by the follow-
ing observation made May 29th. The specimen, Tettix
ornatjis triangularis, had but one hind leg, but this did not
inconvenience the process. The insect grasped the ground
firmly with its claws, then inclining forward, with the antennae
lowered and spread downward, a series of jerking or convul-
sive movements of the insect's body occurred. This motion
included a rocking to and fro. Then the cuticle of the pro-
notum split at the median line of the dorsum and over the
top of the head; the head, antennae, and front pair of legs
were extricated in their turn, while lastly came the hind
femora. The wings, which were at first pale, unfurled at
the same time the elytra began to take their position at the
sides of the body. The apical process of the pronotum was at
first very soft and short, and also colorless, gradually stretch-
ing out to nearly the knee of the hind femora. The abdomen

24 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

was usually drawn out or stretched at first, but appeared to
diminish in length a little as the parts were undergoing the
adjustment and change to their natural proportions. The hind
femur was weak and the tibia was pliable for a short period
immediately following its redrawal from the empty cuticle.
The cast-off cuticle was left still grasping the ground, the
head part thrown down and the rent along the dorsum gaping.*
The newly metamorphosed insect finally crawled up a stalk of
grass to get the full benefit of the sun and take on the normal
pigmentation.

PHYLOGENV AS SUGGESTED BY THE METAMORPHOSIS.

In the temperate region all the species have a climacteric
period, one in which the insects on becoming mature enter a
new phase of existence different from the preceding last pupa
stage. This final period of metamorphic perfection (imago) is
characterized by the establishment of the sexual functions
and taking on of distinctly adult characters. The elytra
shift their position to the sides of the body and the wings
become explicate and functionally perfect. With some of the
tropical species, on the other hand (see Choripkjlliiin, Plate I.),
this distinctly metamorphic stage, denoting a period of anabolic
surplus of vitality, is not so apparent, there being no external
evidence of a distinct period between the last pupa stage and
imago. The insects here referred to are wingless and have no
elytra or any anatomical place provided for them, the sinus
for their reception at the usual point at the side of the body
being absent. The seasons alone can not be responsible for
this peculiar con lition, for we also find species in the tropics
living near-by possessing elytra and wings. It seems to be
in a large measure due to the reaction of the organism to the
environment, effecting in turn an adaptation of structure to a
special purpose, obviously of a protective character. In
this evolution these Tettigids have suffered the loss of the
marked distinction of pupa and imago characteristic of other
Tettigidse, whose metamorphosis is apparently one stage

*A maW Paratettix cucuUaius \n the author's collection had never completely discarded
the cuticle during life. It is attached to the distorted pronotum.

HANCOCK 25

removed. A part of the phylogenetic history of the species
is recapitulated in the larva and pupa, and there is suggestive
evidence that the early progenitors of living forms presented
a highly cristate condition of the pronotum, as shown now in
some forms further south. It will be seen that in all the
genera of the temperate region of North America the median
carina of the pronotum in the larval and pupal stages presents
a cristate character, and there is but one sj:rongly marked
sinus situate inferiorly. The cristate character in the larva is
correlated with the acquiring of a numerical increase of the
antennal articles. These larval characters are retained in
adults of such specialized forms as Clwripliylliim. It is prob-
able the ancestors of the Tettigidse had but one sinus inferiorly
located on the pronotum, while the wings and elytra were
still undeveloped and metamorphosis was less complete. The
knowledge gleaned from the post-embryonal studies show that
the Tettigidffi are a remarkably highly specialized group, doubt-
less originally starting from the lowest portion of the trunk
from which arose the various other groups of the Acrididse,
and that they (Tettigidae) occupy a distinct position.*

ENEMIES.

During the life of these little Tettigians they are more or
less constantly in danger of enemies among the arachnida,
insecta, and some of the vertebrata. The larva of a red mite
(Trombidian) is one of the most frequent sources of annoyance.
Acting as a parasite the Trombidian larva clings on the body
and attaches itself out of the reach of the victim. There it
remains to sap the juices of the host's body. It is found on
many species. Among insect pests, ants and bugs are some-
times deadly to them. In a wet ditch in June the writer found
a number of small dark-brown ants dragging along the ground
a female Tcttix ornatus which had just been killed by them.
When endeavoring to capture some Tettix at the same place
my attention was drawn to a colony of these ants acting in a
panicky state of excitement, the cause of this being that they
had darted upon the insect the author was pursuing, tumbling

* The embryology is left out here for future consideration as a separate contribution.

26 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

it over and biting it savagely about the nect:. The little
locust finally escaped by a vigorous jump.

According to P. R. Uhler (1884) Galgiilus oculatus, an
hemipteran insect, is a serious enemy. They may often be
seen, says Uhler, "in the month of May walking about
between stones on the low banks of brooks and streams,
where Tcttix and Batracliidca* abound, watching an oppor-
tunity to seize one of these insects, and when the favorable
moment arrives, leaping suddenly upon one of them, clasping
it with tight embrace between the front femora and tibia and
there sucking out its vital juices." In a marshy meadow in
May the writer suspected, from seeing a number of common
toads jumping about on the ground where Tettigids were also
quite numerous, that they might form the food of the batrachi-
ans. The stomach of one of the adult toads there taken, on
subsequent examination, was found to contain a crab spider,
some beetles, Tet tig idea parvipcimis, Tcttix oriiatits, with
material too macerated to identify. The Tettigids were partly
digested, but the remaining pronotum was sufficiently preserved
in each species to furnish a certain clue. Professor S. A.
Forbes (1888), in his researches on the food of fresh water
fishes, found that these acridians were eaten by fishes. Icta-
luriis punctatus had eaten Tcttigidca in June, Hyodoii tcrgisus
had fed on Tcttix in October, and it is related of Lcpoiiiis
pallidiis that it had devoured Tcttigidca in June and Novem-
ber. The robin also is said to feed quite freely on these
orthoptera. As the Tettigids commence to multiply in the
spring and early summer we find numerous frogs, toads, and
snakes living in the same environment, that doubtless find
them within easy reach and prey upon them. These enemies
are probably but a small part of those Tettigians have to con-
tend against.

* Probably refers to Paratcttix.

HANCOCK

EXTERNAL ANATOMY.

Figure 6.

To properly study the various modifications of the external
organs, the profile is necessary in conjunction with observa-
tions made from above and those made from the front view.
Other less used positions may be called into use. Beginning
with the head, which lies in a vertical plane in relation to the
body, it is usually strongly encircled by the antero-dorsal and
antero-lateral margin of the pronotum above, while below the

Po3TBfl,0« oft- ANTERlOt^ C*.»V'W»^

hrtCDIAM CARlNft

Fig. 6. Lateral aspect of the body of Tettix. The face is shown to the
right, the pronotum and head below. Parts of the anatomy
are designated by self-explanatory nomenclature.

mouth parts are surrounded by the sternomentum. The
superior surface of the head is bounded anteriorly by
the fastigium, which is usually carinated transversely
(not visible in Clioripliylhuii). The vertex lies behind
the fastigium and between the eyes and is much used
in classification. The crown is all the dorsal aspect of the
head from the fastigium in front to and including the occiput
behind. The occiput or posterior portion of the crown is
sometimes mammillate or sometimes concealed {Paratctlix
and Clypeotettix). The contour of the face may be more or less

28 TETTIGID.'€. OF NORTH AMERICA

oblicjue, flattened, or curved. When viewed in front the com-
ponent parts contributing to this outline are the frontal costa
above and the frontal carina below. The vertex varies extremely
and it is often divided by a mid-carina. It may be broad or more
or less narrow, and is conijjared in breadth with one of the
eyes. The eyes are nearly always conspicuous and globular,
or subelliptic; their outline in profile may be circular or trian-
gular. The ocelli are three in number in the form of a triangle,
the base directed upward and backward. The median ocellus
is placed anterior to the other two in the lower portion of the
grooved frontal costa. The others are situated sometimes
almost in the same vertical line or back and above on either
side of the frontal costa before the eyes. The antennas are
variable in length and the number of articles, there being
as few as twelve and as many as twenty-two. In shape they
are cylindrical or filiform. They are longest in Tettigidea,
Scudd., and Plectronotus, Morse, where they reach to the
humeral angle or base of femora, and are very slender in
ChoriphyUuni. The frontal costa extends down the middle of
the face, commencing above at the fastigium and ending at
the median ocellus. It is more or less furcate, or the branches
may strongly diverge, forming a frontal scutellum. Viewed
in profile the frontal costa is sometimes sinuate, rounded, or
flat above. It is not infrequently continuous upon the vertex
as the median carina, where it may end more or less abruptly
or extend and disappear further back on the crown. Below,
on the face, it is continuous with a single frontal carina which
bifurcates near the clypeus. The collective parts of the
mouth rest against the sternomentum; the maxillar}- palpi
have the extremity enlarged. The pronotum is remarkably
developed posteriorly into an apical process extending beyond
the posterior femora, or it may be abbreviated; the dorsum
may be flattened, tectiform, compressed, or very much ele-
vated and foliaceous, while the surface may be smooth, rugose,
rugulose, arenose, scabrous, or tuberculose. The anterior
margin of the pronotum is most frequently truncate. The
pronotum extends down on either side of the body forward,
forming the lateral lobes. The outer surface is usually

Tehigidae of North America

Plate III

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

HANCOCK

bounded above by the anterior lateral carinje (absent in Pax-
ilia), which appear in front of the humeral angles. A median
carina is more or less present on the dorsum of the pronotum,
continued backward on the apical process, and there are two
lateral carinse which anteriorly cover the humeral angles on
each side and are continued backward on the process. An
infra-apical carina arises behind the shoulders over the apex
of the elytra and runs a short curved course downward and
backward to form the inferior marginal carina of the process.
It has been termed the humeral apical carina and defines the
limits of the scapular area. The lateral lobes are obliquely
directed, the posterior margin sinuate; the superior or infra-
humeral elytral sinus receives the base of the elytra and
above it is the overlying humeral angle; an inferior lateral
sinus is usually present and a superior or median lobule is
located between the two; the inferior border of the lateral
lobe of the pronotum behind terminates in an angle (the pos-

FlG. 7. Dorsal aspect of the thorax with the pronotum removed, showing the
mesonotum and metanotum of Tettix ^ranulatiis. Ventral
aspect of the thorax of same species to the right, showing
sclerites. Anteriorly the modified prosternum is indicated as
the sternomentum, which surrounds the mouth parts.

terior angle which takes on various forms), and is much used
in descriptions, while anteriorly the angle is nearly always
more or less subrounded and rarely used taxonomically.

The mesonotum. Fig. 7, has the squamous elj^tra attached,
the metanotum the posterior wings; the prosternum is e.xtraor-

3°

TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

dinarily modified in front, and is separated from the meta-
sternum by a convexed and rather deep furrow, the convexity
being directed forward.

The small squamous elytra are more or less oval, cov-
ering a small portion of the base of the wings; the wings are
not infrequently well developed, extending to the posterior
extremity of the pronotum or beyond it. The anterior

Sen

Fig. 8. Hind wing of Paratettix cucullatus. More reduced figure below.
Tracheseoccupy the veins represented by solid lines of anal area.
The basal origin of the trachea; designated at the left.

border, being the exposed portion when folded up at the
sides, is chitinous in the apical half and more or less opaque.
In recent specimens, which have just undergone the last exuvi-

FiG. 9. Hind wing of Tettigidea parvipennis pentiata. The media shown
at M is free at the distal portion and divided into three sub-
branches. Original.

ation, it is quite hyaline, and it is at this stage the tracheation
can best be observed. The anal field is traversed by many
transverse nervules, which form square and rectangular spaces.
The narrowing of the wing proper, the part before the
anal furrow, has had the effect of bringing together the veins.

HANCOCK

subcosta, media, and radius so that they have completely
fused in the middle, subcosta being free for a little distance
at its base, the media being free at its apex, its distal two-
fifths.

This narrowing has also resulted in the suppression of the
cubitus to a much greater extent than in any other orthop-
tera at present examined. Whether the radial sector is lost

Fig. 10. Hind wing of Tettix gibbosits. Cnstal trachea wanting; its place
taken by Icmg anterior branch of subcosta from base.

or is fused with the distal end of the media is not j'et clear.
In the wing apex of Tettix gibbosits, as shown in figure,* the
subcostal, radial, and medial tracheae take the courses to the
wing margin, showing clearly how the tips of the correspond-

cg^iB.

Fig. II. Elytra or forewing of Paratettix ciicullatiis, showing three
trachese designated at the basal portion as I, 2, and 3. Some
pores are shown.

ing veins may be designated. In this region of the wing
Tettix gibbosus is somewhat more reduced in venation. In
Tettigidea parvipennis pcnnata the media is free at the apex

* For drawings and valuable suggestions on venation of the wings tlie autiior is indebted
to Dr. J. G. Needham.

TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

and subdivitlcd into three branches. The basal attachments
of tlie trache;E are similar to tliose found among the orthop-
tera generally, and designated as shown in the figures.

The el3-tra or forewings show three trache.'e, but there is
no clue as yet to their homologies. The Tettigidea appear to
be the most specialized orthopterous type so far es the venation
is concerned.

The middle femora are subject to marked variations and
are useful in distinguishing species. They are sometimes quite
unaltered (in which case they are spoken of as entire), or com-

FlG. 12. Femora of Paratettix showing variations, a. Hind femora of
P. tuberciilatus sp. n.; b, mid-femora of same species; r, mid-
femora P. Me.xicanus var. from Rio Cocula, Gro. Max.; (/and
e, P. tiiorsei extensus, California; / and g, P. mexicanus. La
Antiqua, Mex.; h and /, P. cucicUiiius, Toronto, Can.;/ and k,
P. tt-xaniis, Paige, Texas.

paratively slender, carinated, quite broad, or rarely passing
into lobed or clypeate forms. The legs are more or less com-
pressed, the first femora less modified, but in BalrachidiiKB
furrowed above; the hind femora are proportionately large,
reaching the maximum relative size in Noviotcttix. Near the
apex of the superior carina is the femoral lobe, present only
in a slight degree in our species. The genicular spine is
placed at the very extremity of the femora; the posterior
tibia; are multispinose ; the four anterior tarsi are short, the
terminal segment being longer than the two others united.

HANCOCK

In the posterior tarsi the first segment is as long or longer
than the last two. The tarsi are serrulate above, and below
divided into three little acute, obtuse, or flat pulvilli; the
second segment is very small in all the tarsi; the claws are
dentate at the base beneath.*

The first abdominal sclerite ]:)resents at the caudal margin
of the dorsal portion various modifications in the different

Fig. 13. Peculiarities of the first abdominal sclerites: a and/ lateral and
dorsal aspect of Tettix armosus ; b and h, Parateittx texanus ;
c and i, Tettix granttlatus, male; rfand/, Tettix ornatus trian-
gularis, male; e and g, Tettix gibbosus, male.

species. It is observed by elevating the pronotum. In
Tettix granulatiis the margin has a raised eminence, folded,
and projecting caudad. The various figures here given show
some of the variations in this portion of the anatomy.

* ABDOMIN.AL APPENDAGES.

It is of interest to compare the characters of the abdominal appendages, though, it
must be said, in these orthoptera which require the most delicate handling, they are not
easily accessible. I have found that by bringing water nearly to the boiling point and
immersing the specimen for about a minute usually accomplishes the desired softening in
small species so that the abdomen can be pressed to one side, after the legs have been
pushed down. This is of course assuming the specimen is a pinned example. This process
is required owing to the almost immovable pronotal process being in the way. Both male
and female characters of the genitalia afford some distinctive features, but for the reasons
named they are less used in classification than the vertex, pronotum, pulvilli, etc. {See
Plate XI.. Figs, i-ia and 5-53.)

34 TETTFGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

SYNOPSIS OF SUBFAMILIES AND GENERA.

Small orthoiJteia presenting no aroleum between the tarsal
claws; the pronotum completely covering the body; elytra
small and lobiform.

1. Anterior femora more or less compressed, carinate

above.

2. Frontal costa furcate between the eyes, the branches

strongly diverging, forming a frontal scutellum.
I. subfamily Cladonotin^.

3. Body largely compressed, above completely folia-

ceous.

4. Pronotal margins in profile forming a subrhomboidal

contour. Gen. Clioripliyllimi, Serv.

4. 4. Pronotum at the superior dorsal margin in profile,

arcuate-subangulatc. Gen. riiyllouotus, gen. n.
3. 3. Body not compresso-foliaceous.

5. Pronotum sharply tectiform, anteriorly truncate,

median carina cristate, arched anteriorly, nearly
straight posteriorly. Gen. Tyloicttix, Morse.

2. 2. Frontal costa narrowly or moderately forked. Pos-
terior angle of lateral lobes of pronotum laterally
little produced, posteriorly obliquely truncate.
II. subfamily Metrodorin^.

6. Median carina of pronotum conspicuously serrato-

undulate. Elytra minute, elongate. Verte.x con-
cave. Gen. Chiriqnia, Morse.

7. Pronotum flat above, little depressed. Elytra lanceo-

late. Body slender. Gen. Otnniba, Morse.

7. 7. Pronotum strongly depressed. Body stout. Vertex

truncate. Elytra and wings absent.

Gen. Platyl/iorus, Morse.

8. Posterior angle of the lateral lobes of pronotum

turned downward, more or less rounded, not
obliquely truncate. Antennae with twelve to four-
teen articles. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum
truncate or angulate, or rarelj' angulate produced.

III. subfamily Tettigin^.

HANCOCK 35

9. Vertex advanced beyond the eyes, wider than one of

them, in profile united with the frontal costa,
generally angulate anteriorly.
10. Antennae with twelve, rarely thirteen articles. Pro-

notum with the dorsal front margin more or less
angulate produced, median carina cristiform, more
or less arcuate longitudinally; median lobule of
the posterior margin of lateral lobes generally
feebly developed; the posterior elytral sinus shal-
low or moderately deep. Gen. Nouiotcttix, Morse.

10. 10. Antennte with fourteen or often thirteen articles.

Pronotum generally not advanced upon the head
to the eyes; median lobule of posterior margin
of the lateral lobes more or less well developed;
the posterior elytral sinus quite deep.

Gen. Tettix, Charp.

11. Vertex viewed in profile united with the frontal costa

rounded or depresso-rounded, little advanced
beyond the eyes, equal to or considerably wider
than one of them.

12. Vertex considerably wider than one of the eyes;

branches of the frontal costa more or less strongly
divergent. Antenna; consisting of twelve or thir-
teen articles. Gen. Ncotcttix, Hanc.

13. Antenna; strongly filimentous-elongate. Body small.

Facial costa rather narrowly furcate, subparallel,
viewed in profile sinuato-convex. Median carina
of pronotum undulate. Distribution West Indies.

JSIicronotus, gen. n.

14. Eyes small, distinctly globose. Antennc-e short and

stout. Vertex distinctly wider or twice as wide as
one of the eyes, advanced about as far or little
beyond the eyes. Body rugose or minutely tuber-
culose. Distribution southwestern United States
and Mexico southward. Apotettix, gen. n.

15. Vertex equal in width to one of the eyes. Body

narrow between the shoulders. Frontal costa
narrowly forked, straight, and evenly divergent.
Distribution California. Gen. Merotcttix, Morse.

36 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

16. Facial costa widely forked. Pronotum presenting a

short supernumerary carina midway between the
humeral angles and the median carina. Distri-
bution Mexico and southward.

Gen. Oclictotcttix, Morse.
9. 9. Vertex not advanced beyond the eyes. Median
carina of pronotum generally scarcely elevated.

17. Body usually broad between the shoulders. Vertex

narrower or as wide or little wider than one of the
eyes, little narrowed anteriorly. Second femoral
cariUcTe more or less undulate, or sinuate, or sinu-
ato-lobate, very rarely entire.

Gen. Paratcttix, Bol.

18. Dorsum of pronotum transversely convexo-tectiform

between the shoulders. Femora expanded, mar-
ginal carinae strongly carinate-clypeate. Distri-
bution Mexico and southward.

Clypcotcttix, gen. n.

19. Body narrow, strongly prolongate, apical process

attenuate; occiput naked behind the eyes. F""irst
and third articles of posterior tarsi subequal or
equal in length. Distribution Central America
southward. Gen. Allotettix, Hanc.

20. Vertex strongly narrowed in front, the front border

about one-half to nearly the breadth of one of the
eyes. Body usually slender. Frontal costa nar-
row subparallel. Distribution western and south-
western United States, Mexico, Central America.

Gen. Tclinatcttix, Hanc.
I. I. Anterior femora above distinctly sulcate. Pronotum
in front produced more or less above the head, the
antero-dorsal margin hooked, or cuspidate, or
obtuse-angulate, or rounded. Antenna; with six-
teen to twenty-two articles.

IV. subfamily, BatkachidiNjE.

21. Body strongly tumid. Dorsum of pronotum con-

vex, lightly punctate, lateral carina,- in front of
the shoulders wanting. Distribution southern
United States. Gen. Paxilla, Bol.

HANCOCK 37

22. Lateral carinae in front of the shoulders present.

23. Dorsum of the pronotuni between the carinae more

or less conspersed with longitudinal wrinkles, or
scabrous, or granulose; behind the shoulders
between the carinae concave.

Gen. Tcttigidca, Scudd.

24. Facial costa sinuous. Pronotuni scabrous. Elytra

minute. Distribution Central America.

Gen. Plcctronotits, Morse.

25. Median carina of pronotuni anteriorly strongly

ascendant. Middle femora with the superior mar-
ginal carina terminating in a spine. Body slender,
smooth. Distribution Central America and south-
ward. Gen. Scaria, Bol.

CATALOGUE.

I. CL.A.DOXOTIN.€;.

Gen. Choripliyllum, Serv.
(i) I. C. westwoodi, new n. Plate I., Fig. 2.

(2) 2. C. foliatum, sp. n. Plate I., Fig. I.

(3) 3. C. rhombeum, Walk.

Phyllonotus, Gen. n.

(4) I. P. sagrai, Serv.

(5) 2. P. saussurei, Bol. Plate I., Fig. 7.

(6) 3. P. plagiatum, Walk.

Gen. Tylotettix, Murse.

(7) I. T. sinuatus, Morse. Plate 1., Fig. 4.

II. METRODORIN/E.

Gen. Chiriquia, Morse.

(8) I. C. serrata, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 6.

Gen. Otumba, Morse,
(g) I. O. scapularis, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 5.

Gen. Platythorus, Morse.
(10) I. P. camiirus, Morse. Plate I., Fig. 3.

38 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

III. TETTIGIN^.
Gen. Nomotettix, Morse.

(11) I. N. parvus, Morse. Plate II., Figs. 4-43.

(12) 2. N. acuminatus, Hanc. Plate II., Figs. 2-2a.

(13) 3. N. sinufrons, Hanc.

(14) 4. N. compressus, Morse.

(15) 5. N. cristatus, Morse.

(16) 6. N. carinatus, Brun. Plate II., Fig. 5.

(17) 7. N. floridanus, sp. n.
{18) 8. N. arcuatus, sp. n.

Gen. Tettix, Charp.

GRANULATUS GROUP.

(19) I. T. granulatus, Scudd. Plate IV., Figs. 2-2a, and Plate III.,

Fig. I.

(20) 2. T. g. variegatus, var. n.

(21) 3. T. incurvatus, Hanc. Plate III., Fig. 2.

(22) 4. T. luggeri, Hanc. Plate IV., Figs. 6-6a.

(23) 5. T. brunneri, Bol.

ORNATUS GROUP.

(24) 6. T. acadicus, Scudd. Plate IV., Figs. 3-33.

(25) 7. T. ornatus, Harris. Plate III., Fig. 4, and eggs Plate XI.,

Figs. 3-33.

(26) 8. T. o. triangularis, Scudd.

(27) 9. T. hancocki, Morse. Plate IV., Fig. 4, and appendages

Plate XI., Figs. 5-53.

(28) 10. T. h. 3bbrevi3tus, Morse. Pl3te I\'., Figs. 1-13.

(29) II. T. crassus, Morse.

(30) 12. T. c. affinis, var. n.

ARENOSUS GROUP.

(31) 13. T. arenosus, Burm. Plate IV., Figs. 5-5b, and Plate III.,

Fig. 3-

Plate v., Figs. 1-23.
Plate v., Figs. 3-53, 3nd Plate III.,
Fig. 6.

Plate v., Figs. 6-6a, and Plate III.,
Fig- 5-

(37) 19. T. blatchleyi, sp. n.

Gen. Neotettix, Hanc.

(38) I. N. bolivari, Hanc. Plate VI., Figs. 4-4b, and appendages

Plate XI., Figs. l-lb.

(39) 2. N. rotundifrons, Hanc. Plate \' I., Fig. 5.

(40) 3. N. femor3tus (Scudd), Hanc.

(41) 4. N. bolteri, Hanc. Plate \'l., Figs. 6-6b.

(32)

14.

T. a. costatus, var. n.

(33)

15-

T. obscurus, Hanc.

(34)

16.

T. gibbosus, Hanc.

(35)

17-

T. fluctuosus, Hanc.

(36)

18.

T. decoratus, Hanc.

HANCOCK 39

Gen. Micronotus, gen. n.

(42) I. M. quadriundulatus, Redt.

Gen. Apotettix, gen. n.

(43) I. A. convexus, Morse. Plate VII., Figs. 2-2a.

(44) 2. A. tectus, Morse.

(45) 3. A. eurycephaliis, sp. n. Plate \"II., Figs. 4-4a.

(46) 4. A. e. brevipennis, var. n.

(47) 5. A. rugosus, Scudd. Plate VI., Figs. l-ia.

Gen. Merotettix, Morse.

(48) I. M. pristinus, Morse.

Gen. Ochetotettix, Morse.

(49) I. O. barretti (Hanc.) Morse. Plate VII., Fig. 3-33.

(50) 2. O. volans, Morse.

Gen. Paratettix, Bol.
{51) I. P. cucullatus, Morse. Plate VIII., Figs. 6 and 7.

(52) 2. P. texanus, sp. n. Plate VIII., Figs. 4 and 5, and Plate

VI., Figs. 2-2b.

(53) 3- P- t- nanus, var. n.

(54) 4. P. mexicanas, Bol. Plate VIII., Figs. 12 and 13, also var.

Figs. I and 2.

(55) 5. P. m. abortus, var. n.

(56) 6. P. tuberculatus, sp. n. Plate VIII., Fig. 3.

(57) 7. P. morsei, sp. n. Plate VIII., Figs. 10 and 11.

(58) 8. P. morsei extensus, Morse. Plate VIII., Figs. 8 and 9, and face

Fig. i5.

(59) 9. P. toltecus sonorensis, var. n.

(60) 10. P. toltecus, Bol. Plate VIII., Figs. 14 and 15.

(61) II. P. arizonus, race. n.

(62) 12. P. robustus, sp. n.

(63) 13. P. frey-gessneri, Bol.

(64) 14. P. durus, Morse.
(651 15. P. sinuatus, Morse.

Gen. Clypeotettix, gen. n.

(66) I. C. schochii, Bol. Plate IX., Figs. 10 and 11, and Plate

VII., Fig. I.

Gen. Allotettix, Hanc.

(67) I. A. peruvianas, Bol. Plate IX., Fig. 5.

Gen. Telniatettix, Hanc.

(68) I. T. hesperus, Morse. Plate IX., Figs. 8 and 9.

(69) 2. T. parviverticis, var. n. Plate IX., Figs. 3 and 4.

(70) 3. T. aztecus (Sauss.) Bol. Plate IX., Figs, i and 2.

(71) 4. T. aridus, sp. n. Plate VI., Figs. 3-33.

(72) 5. T. fallax, Bol.

(73) 6. T. minutus, sp. n. Plate VII., Figs. 5-6a.

(74) 7. T. m. rugosus, var. n.

40 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

IV. BATRACHIDIN^.
Gen. Paxilla, Bol.
(75) I. P. obesa (Scudd), Bol. Plate II., Figs. 3-33.

(76:

(78

(79
(80
(81:
(82

(83

(84
(85
(86,

(87
(88

(8<^
(90

(91
(92

(93
(94
(95
(96

(97
(98
(99

Gen. Tettigidea, Scudd.

1. T. armata, Morse. Plate .\., Fig. 6.

2. T. a. depressa, Morse.

3. T. apiculata, Morse. Plate .\., Fig. 2.

4. T. acuta, Morse.

5. T. spicata, Morse. Plate X., Fig. 5.

6. T. prorsa, Scudd. Plate X., Fig. i.

7. T. p. elongata, Morse.

8. T. parvipennis pennata, Plate X., Fig. 7, and eggs Plate XI.,

Morse. Figs. 2-2a.

9. T. parvipennis, Morse. Plate X., Fig. 8, and text Fig. 3.

10. T. medialis, var. n. Plate X., Fig. 10.

11. T. lateralis, Scudd. Plate X., Fig. 9.

12. T. polymurpha, .Scudd. Plate X., Fig. 11.

13. T. jalapa, Hanc. Plate X., Fig. 4, and Plate II., Figs.

I -2a.

14. T. australis, Hanc.

15. T. guatemalteca, Bol. Plate -X., Fig. 3.

16. T. bruneri, Morse.

17. T. chichimeca, Sauss.

18. T. nicaragua;, Brun.

19. T. plagiata, Morse.

20. T. parvula, Morse. Plate III., Fig. 7.

21. T. nigra, Morse. Plate III., Fig. 8.

22. T. tecta, Morse.

Gen. Plectronotus, Morse.
I. P. scaber, Morse.

Gen. Scaria, Bol.
I. S. hamata (De Geer), Bol.

CLADONOTIN/E.

The body is tomentose, generally rugose, covered with
irregular tubercles, often strongly compressed and even foli-
aceous. The head is large and wide, the front a little oblitjue,
a large scutellum of variable form showing in the middle, con-
sisting of two carin;e more or less compressed and united
above to form the frontal costa. The vertex is wide and
always separated from the eyes by a space, generally double
the diameter of one of them. The antennre are inserted
before the eyes and separated at the base by the whole width

HANCOCK 41

of the frontal scutellum. The basal segments are short and
thick, the rest are filiform and segments six to nine are the long-
est; the last segment of the palpi is longer than the first and
subacuminate. The pronotum projects more or less above
the head, very rarely truncate in front, sometimes strongly
compressed or foliaceous above, its posterior process nearly
always short and truncate or even excised at the extremity,
sometimes, however, extending to the middle of the posterior
tibia. The elytra and the wings are usually absent, exception-
ally developed. The sternomentum is strongly reflected
around the mouth and more or less sinuate anteriorly. The
femora are compressed and the carincTe in most of them have
lobes (or even spines or tubercles in exotic species), the
femoral and genicular teeth are little developed; the posterior
tibiae, little or not at all widened towards the end, have the
carinae armed with rather strong spines, more numerous on
the external carina where they are continued to the extremity;
the apical spurs are strong and the inferior external is sensibly
the smaller, the first segment of the posterior tarsi nearly as
long as the last, and obscurely furrowed above, the claws
dentate at the base.

GEN. CHORIPHYLLUM, serv.

Granulate. Face little oblique; antennae widely separated,
frontal scutellum above narrowed, lateral carina; above con-
verging. Vertex much wider than one of the eyes. Pronotum
large, strongly compressed, completely foliaceous, with radi-
ating veins, anteriorly extended above the head, posterior
process not passing the femora, or strongly extended beyond,
apex obliquely truncate. Elytra always absent. Anterior
femora narrow, distinctly longer than wide; carina; percurrent;
posterior femora above compressed, apical half serrulate;
genicular tooth acute; first article of the posterior tarsi distinctly
longer than the third.

Choriphyllum, Serville, Hist. Nat. des Ins. Orth., 754

U839)-

Choriph}llum, Fieber, Entom. Monogr.

Hymenotes, Stal.

42 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

X. Superior marginal carina of the posterior femora lobate.

zuestzuoodi nom. n.
2. Pronotum in profile distinctly enlarged posteriorly.

Body large. foliation sp. n.

2. 2. Pronotum in profile subenlarged posteriorly; angles

subrounded. rJiombciiin Walk.

CHORIPHYLLUM WESTWOODI, NOM. N.

Plate I., Figure 2.

Professor Westwood gives a good figure of a species of
Choriphyl/nin from Jamaica which has the posterior femora
above distinctly lobate, and both the anterior femoral mar-
gins also appreciably lobate. Of this species Professor
Westwood says: "Thighs notched like edges of a leaf in the
Banksian specimen seem to indicate a different species."
The figure accompanying the description carried out that
assertion and this species was left unnamed. It does not
seem to have been properly interpreted by later authors. It
should more properly have been given a distinct position.
It may be called Clioripliyllum zvestii'oodi.

CHOKIPHVLLUM FOLIATUM, SP. N.

Plate I., Figure I.

Body rather large. Visible portion of head between the
eyes very wide, convexed, in profile roundly elevated above
the eyes, and produced anteriorly nearly the width of one of
them; between the eyes the upper portion of the facial costa
feebly carinate, the branches of the lower portion widely and
roundly scutellate, strongly angulato-carinate; the face is very
little convex just below the scutellum, the median carina here
being distinct; eyes rather small, hardly prominent. The ver-
tex just above the eyes provided on each side with a scarcely
visible eminence (the rudiments of anterior carinre of the ver-
tex). Palpi flattened. Antenna; about five millimeters long,

HANCOCK 4:^

inserted considerably below and in advance of the eyes about
one-third the breadth of one of them, the first joint large, the
second round and diminutive, the remaining ten or eleven
articles becoming extremely attenuated. Pronotum foliaceous,
strongly angulose, the portion above being thinned out and
partially translucent when held against the light; the dilated
opaque portion of the pronotum below divided by a strongly
arcuate line and highest at the middle; sides of the pronotum
distinctly veined and punctate. Dorsum in profile elevated
into an angle a little behind the middle, in front of the angle
sloping forward nearly straight over and beyond the head; the
part before the angle a little sinuate, at the antero-produced
portion suddenly truncate and bisinuate; the short horizontal
inferior margin straight, anteriorly angulate (two millimeters
in length), extending beyond the head; behind the angulate
dorsal summit a little more precipitously declined, subcon-
caved, posteriorly marked by slight sinuations and the apical
extension backward, forming the posterior process, provided
with a prominent tooth near the apex, which here projects
backward a little farther than the inferior marginal apex, and
scarcely or about as far as the angulate apex of the posterior
femora. Viewed from above the dorsal median margin is
sulcate; the humeral angles are obliterated ; the lateral carinae
exquisitely modified into veins. Elytra and wings wanting.
The posterior angle of the lateral lobes small, subangulato-
truncate behind, with a small, deep, subrounded sinus above;
the inferior margin of the lobes scarcely at all laterally
deflected; toward the apex the inferior lateral margin of the
pronotum very little but broadlv convexo-concaved. Anterior
femora narrow, above carinate, below lobate at the anterior
third, and a very small secondary lobe just following; middle
femora slender, both margins very slightly lobate near the
extremity; posterior femora slender compressed, superior
marginal carina a little beyond the outer half suddenly reduced ;
genicular tooth strongly angulate produced, external femoral
paginje scabrous, between the superior marginal carina and
the next one below three or four enlarged elevated papillate
eminences.

44 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

Length of body, i6 mm.; pronotum, ig mm. : hind femora,
9 mm.

Locality, Jamaica.

This interesting species described from a female example
received in good state of preservation from Mr. Malcolm
Burr, of East Grinstead, England.

CHORIFHYLLUM RHOMBEUM L.

Head granulate. Pronotum densely punctate; dorsum
largely foliaceo-dilate, posteriorly scarcely extended as far as
the hind femora; viewed in profile very high, gradually sub-
expanded backward, posteriorly suddenly sinuato-truncate,
here being nearly perpendiculaily truncate, below the midi^le
obtuse sublobate; dorsal top margin straight, posteriorly obtuse
roughened, scarcely declined toward the front. The anteriorly
produced part above the head suddenly subangulate, nearly
straight, obtusely sinuate and from here strongly declined,
the inferior margin of this produced part obtusely rounded.
Anterior femora above foliaceo-carinate, below and behind
the middle provided with an obtuse lobe; intermediate femora
above carinate, below back of the middle provided with a
smaller lobe; posterior femora above dilated, dorsal margin
behind the middle suddenly reduced.

Body length, 2, ii mm.

Locality, Jamaica.

Cicada rhombea, Baker, Phil. Trans., Vol. 54, p. 55, pi.

6(1764).

Cicada rhombea, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. XIL, pi. i, p.

704 (1767)-

Membracis rhombea, Eabr., Ent. Syst., IV., 8, 2, Syst.

Rhyng., p. 7.

Acridium (Hymenotes) rhombeum, de Hann, Bijdrag., p.
165, pi. 12, fig. II.

Hymenotes compressus, Stal. Recensio, Orth., L, p. 153

(1873)-

Choriphyllum rhombeum. Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt., Brit.

Mus., v., 84s (1871), Jamaica; Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol.

HANCOCK 45

Surv. Terr., V., 245 (1873), Cuba; Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent.
Belg., XXXI., 202, 203 (18S7), Jamaica; Scudder, Index
N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).

PHYLLONOTUS, gen. n.

Allied to Choriphyllnm, but distinguished by having the
dorsal margin of pronotum in profile between the antero-pos-
terior extremities arcuato-subangulate, anteriorly convexly
advanced over and beyond the head, posteriorly reduced and
obliquely truncate.

Choriphyllum, Bol.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

Dorsal margin of pronotum in profile arcuato-subangulate
between the antero-posterior extremities.

1. Body large, highest over the head. sagrai, Serv.

2. Highest point of pronotum at the middle, body

small. saiissiirci, Bol.

2. 2. Highest point of pronotum a little behind the

middle. Length of body, ten millimeters.

plagiatuin. Walk.

PHYLLONOTUS SAGR.^I, SERV.

Head granulate. Pronotum densely punctate; dorsum
largely foliaceo-dilate, posteriorly the apex passing the
femora, in profile in front greatly elevated over the head,
from here forward greatly declined, backward distinctly
angulate, posteriorly obliquely truncate, behind the middle
dorsal margin sinuate. Anterior femora compressed, above
foliaceo-carinate, below with a small triangular lobe; middle
femora carinate; posterior femora wide at the base, carina
very highly compressed, the apical half suddenly reduced and
serrulate; tibia annulated with yellow; the third pulvillus of
the posterior tarsus below straight and longer than the second.

Bod}' length, ?, 10 mm.; pronot., 19 mm.; post. fem.
7 mm.

Locality, Cuba (Bolivar).

46 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

Clioriphyllum sagrai, Serv., I., c. p. 755, pi. 8f, 5 (1839).

Acridium (Hymenotes) sagrai de Hann, Bijdrag., p. 165.

Hymenotes sagrai Guerin in La Sagra's Hist, de Cuba.
Art. p. 148, pi. 12, fig. 10. Westw. Charles W. III., fig.
67, 4.

Bolivar Essai Tettig. , Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, p. 203

(1887).

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).

PHYLLONOTUS SAUSSUREI, BOL.

Plate I., Fig. 7.

Head and pronotum granulate, less highly cristate than
P. sagrai, posterior process reaching a little beyond the apex
of femora, in profile the middle greatly elevated, from here
backward more greatly declined than toward the front, pos-
teriorly obliquely truncate, the dorsal margin behind in middle
undulate. Anterior femora carinate, below lightly lobate;
posterior femora wide, the superior carina compressed, the
apical half serrulate.

Body length, ?, 7 mm.; pronot., 12 mm.; [)Ost. fem.,
5.5 mm.

Choriphyllum saussurei, Bol. Bolivar Essai Tettig.,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, Vol. XXXI., 203, pi. i, fig. 5
(1887), Cuba; Mem. Soc. Zool., France, I.,- 146 (1SS8); Id.
Orth., Cuba, 31 (1888); Id. Gundl., Ent. cub., II., 347
(1890); Id. Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 76 (1901).

PHYLLONOTUS PLAGL-\TUM, W.ALK.

Female, testaceous or dead leaf color, wingless. Antennae
very long and slender. Crest of the pronotum foliaceous,
extending much beyond the head and the tip of the abdomen,
adorned with various black sjiots of different size and shape,
its edge slighty undulating, forming a little behind the middle,
a rounded angle. Legs slender; four anterior femora bidentate
beneath; hind tibire with very short spines.

Length of body, 10 mm.

Tettigidae of North America

Plate IV

^^^^TTF^

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

I.M6ERS PMCTO-SFUVUHE CO

HANCOCK 47

Jamaica (Walker).

Choriphyllum plagiatum, Walker, Cat. Dermap. Salt., V.,
845 (1871); Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V., 245
(1873); Scudder, Index N. Ain. Orth., 76 (1901).

GEN. TYLOTETTIX, mor.se.

Related to Diotanis, but having the face retreating, the
facial scutellum deeply concave, with high marginal carinse;
the vertex strongly convex in front, with a very prominent
mid-carina; the anterior margin of the pronotum truncate; the
genicular and femoral lobes of the hind femora prominent.
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 6 (1900).

TYLOTETTIX SINUATUS, MORSE.

Plate I., Fig. 4.
Face retreating, with prominent carinje; in profile, slightly
excavated at the lower edge of the scutellum, deeply (almost
rectangularly) so at its upper margin, where the carinas unite
to form the very prominent mid-vertical carina, which is con-
tinued backward to a point just behind the level of the front
margin of the eyes. Seen from above the vertex is twice the
width of one of the eyes, the mid-carina projects in front of
the eyes nearly the width of xjne of them, and on each side of
this the front margin of the vertex is formed by a short trans-
verse carina projecting convexly between the mid-carina and
the eyes, but reaching neither. Pronotum rather sharply tecti-
form, the mid-carina cristate, arched anteriorly, nearly straight
posteriorly; front margin truncate; hind process abbreviated,
not reaching ^the apex of the hind femora, with rounded, sube-
marginat tip; lateral carina.- bent inward, elevated and com-
pressed behind the humeral angles, sinuate in both dorsal and
lateral views; hind process with oblique elevated rugae, three
or four on each side, running inward and forward from the
humero-apical carina: nearly to the mid-carina; scapular area,
wings, and elytra absent. Fore and mid femora stout, two
and one half times as long as wide, strongly carinate, lobate
beneath with sinuate margins; hind femora stout, genicular
and femoral lobes prominent.

48 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

Total length, ?j, 8.7 nmi. ; pronotum, "] ."/ mm.; post, fem.,
5.25 mm.; antennas, 2.3 mm.

Habitat, Nicaragua (Shimek, in Coll. Bruner).

One male, from a swampy locality.

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 6, fig. (1900).

Crimisus si). Bruner, 15ull. lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa,
III., No. 3, 61, fig. I.

Scudder Index N. Am. Orth., 338 (1901).

METRODORIN^.

In general we find the body is little or not at all rugose,
of (|uitc large size, the pronotum not strongly prolongate, but
rather widely subulate. The head is not crowded into the
pronotum so far as the eyes; in general it is more or less com-
pressed backward, the vertex being nearly always higher than
the disk of the pronotum; the eyes are large and projecting;
the antennae are of variable length and filiform, and inserted
in front of the anterior inferior border of the eyes; the superior
ocelli are placed between the ej'es and nearer their anterior
border; it is between them that the frontal costa divides into
two diverging branches forward, although separated nearly
always by a narrow sulcus. The pronotum is depressed above,
always truncated in front and prolonged backward, or in some
it may not reach the extremity of the abdomen, in the others
well [jrolonged beyond and ending in a sharp [joint. The
median carina is scarcely elevated, offering sometimes small
cratiform elevations; the humeral angles obtuse; the lateral
lobes having their posterior angle directed outward as a lobe,
obliquely truncate behind and rather angular. The elytra and
the wings have the ordinary form, except in the genus Platy-
thorus, in which they are both wanting; in C/iiriqiiia the elytra
are minute and elongate, while in Qtuinba the elytra are
lanceolate. The legs are generally rather long, the posterior
tibiae somewhat spinose, the terminal s])urs unequal, the tarsi
narrow at the first segment, which equals the third in length,
or nearly so. The valves of the ovipositor are serrulate-
acute at the extremity and denticulate along the borders.

HANCOCK 49

GENUS CHIRIOUIA, MORSE.

Related to Ptcrotcttix, especially in the form of the elytra,
but differing from that genus in having the posterior ocelli
below the level of the eyes and also in the structure of the
vertex.

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am., II., 7 (1900).

CHIRIOUIA SERRATA, MORSE.

Plate I., Fig. 6.

Body somewhat depressed. Face moderately retreating;
eyes large, globose, very prominent, elevated on the sides of
the vertex; antennas inserted below the level of the eyes,
equidistant from the eyes and each other; posterior ocelli
barely below the level of the eyes. Vertex horizontal, elevated
at the sides above the eyes to form transverse carinje, running
obliquely downward and inward to the mid-carina; the latter
conspicuous from above, but hidden in side view by the promi-
nent eyes, dividing opposite their lower part into high, rather
widely divergent antrorse rami; from above the vertex is nearly
twice the width of one of the eyes, distinctly excavate, with
a prominent median tooth (the mid-carina) reaching the level
of the front margin of the eyes. Face in profile strongly
crenate, the middle arc formed by the prominent rami of the
frontal costa, the upper arc by the e^'es terminated by a min-
ute portion of the transverse carina of the vertex. Pronotum
with truncate anterior margin and cuneate apex, of moderate
width at the shoulders, granulate, rather flat above, with the
exception of several prominent transverse rugje, which form
on the mid-carina a series of low teeth between the shoulders
and apex, and in front of the humeral angles a high cristiform
eminence convexly arcuate in front, concave behind, its height
from the shoulders equal to two-thirds the depth of the lateral
lobes; lateral lobes laminate, strongly produced, squarely
truncate at the apex. Elytra minute, the exposed portion
linear, five times as long as broad; wings fully developed,
reaching the apex of the pronotum, which passes the abdomen

50 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

bv about one millimeter. Anterior and middle femora very
slender, the latter five times as long as broad, with irregularly
sinuate margins; hind legs missing.

Total length, I, 9.4 mm.; pronotum, 8 mm.

Habitat, Nicaragua, Castillo (Shimek in Coll. Bruner);
Panama, Volcan de Chiriqui, 2,500 to 4,000 feet (Champion).

Two males. Professor Bruner's specimen is immature,
and he referred it with some doubt to another genus, as noted
above; but so similar is it to the adult male from Chiriqui
described that I have no doubt of their specific identity.
(Morse.)

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, fig. (1900).

Bruner, Cota saxoca (Bob, part), Bull., lab. Nat. Hist.
Univ. Iowa, HI., No. 3, 61.

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 73 (1901).

GEN. OTUMBA, MORSE.

Related to Metrodora. Face strongly retreating; eyes verj-
large and prominent, elevated; vertex truncate. Pronotum
somewhat depressed, flat above; humeral-apical carinse excep-
tionally developed and separated from the lateral carinae by a
deejj groove; scapular area very large, external angles of
lateral lobes rectangular. Femora elongate, slender.

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, 8 (1900).

OTUMBA SCAPULARIS, MORSE.

Plate I., Fig. 5.

Antennse long, reaching the humeral angles, filiform, very
slender, joints 9-12 the longest. Face very retreating, convex
opposite the insertion of the antennae, which are placed a little
below the level of the eyes; eyes very large, globose, and
prominent; posterior ocelli exceptionally large, situated
between the lower part of the eyes. Vertex truncate, scarcely
as wide as one of the eyes, horizontal, terminating anteriorly
in oblique transverse carinee; the mid-carina distinct, but very
small. Facial costa forking at the middle of the eyes (behind
the ocelli) into very narrowly divergent, nearly straight,

HANCOCK 51

moderately elevated antrorse rami, which are rather widely open
below. Pronotum somewhat depressed, elongate, truncate
in front, subulate behind, flat above, slightly depressed at the
shoulders, granulate, coarsely rugose anteriorly, slightly swol-
len on each side between the end of the humero-apical carina
and principal sulcus; the shoulders narrow, humeral angles
very obtuse, sides of the hind process straight; mid-carina
scarcely distinct, lateral carinas prominent; humero-apical
carina distinct, continued forward in a straight line on the
shoulders to meet the lateral carinas one millimeter behind the
groove opposite the apex of the elytra. Elytra elongate, four
times as long as wide, narrowly lanceolate, subactite at each
end, nearly straight above, arcuate below. Anterior and middle
femora slender (6 by i, 5 by i) with undulate margins; hind
femora long and slender, genicular and femoral lobes small,
third joint of posterior tarsi equal to or a little longer than the
first.

General color rufous-brown, varied with fuscous, with
blotches of pale green on the hind femora and on sides of the
})ronotum.

Total length, $, 12.5 mm.; pronotum, 11.4 mm.; post,
fem., 6 mm.; antenna;, 4 mm.; width of the shoulders,
2.6 mm.

Habitat, Nicaragua, Greytown (Shimek in Coll. Bruner).
(Morse.)

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 7, 8, fig. (1900).

Amorphophus sp. Bruner, Bull. lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa,
III., 3, 61, fig. 2.

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 235 (1901).

PLATYTHORUS, morse.

Related to Amorphopus, but possessing elongate antennae,
with very large basal joints inserted on a level with the lower
margin of the eyes; the anterior and middle femora little
expanded; posterior tarsi with the first joint longer than the
third; lateral lobes of the pronotum turned outward, obliquely
truncate, obtuse, and rounded. (Morse.)

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., II., 8 (1900).

52 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

PLATYTHORUS CAMURUS, MORSE.

Plate I., Fig. 3.

Body much depressed, granulate; eyes of moderate size.
Vertex horizontal, one and one-third times as wide as one of
the eyes, squarely truncate, with small but distinct mid-carina,
the transverse carinre separated from it by a shallow groove,
but continued into low ridge running backward along each
side of the mid-carina. Antennze elongate, distinctly passing
the shoulders, filiform, joints 7-10 the longest, the basal joint
two-thirds the width of one of the eyes in length, inserted in
a line with the lower margin of the eyes. Facial costa low
above, forking midway between the ocelli and vertex into
high, narrowly divergent rami, which form in profile a strong
protuberance opposite the points of insertion of the antennae.
Pronotum strongly depressed, granulate, flat above, truncate
in front, cuneate behind, with pinched almost mucronate apex;
mid-carina distinct in front of and behind the shoulders, nearly
obsolete elsewhere, in profile undulate; lateral lobes laminately
produced, obliquel}' truncate at the ajjex, angles obtuse,
rounded. Elytra and wings absent, anterior and middle femora
strongly carinate, with sinuato-lobate margins. Hind femora
partaking of the general depressed form of the body, but very
stout from side to side; femoral lobes small, genicular lobes
prominent, acutely pointed.

Total length, j, g.6 mm.; pronotum, 8.5 mm.; post, fem.,
6.3 mm.; antennre, 5.5-6 mm. (estimated).

Habitat, Nicaragua, Chontales (Janson).

One female. (Morse.)

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., H., 8, fig. (1900).

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 269 (1901).

TETTIGIN/E.

To this section belong some of the smallest species, includ-
ing the common forms of Tcttix of North America as well
as those of F;uro])e.

Summing up the general characters; the body is rugose

HANCOCK 53

or granulate, the front of the face is little oblique, and the
vertex in most of the species is limited anteriorly by two more
or less oblique carinae, which are directed backward along
the internal border of the eyes; these carinae sometimes
depressed forward and concave, and then the two longitudinal
furrows of the vertex are open anteriorly. The frontal facial
costa bifurcates above in front, and its two branches are pro-
longed forward almost always diverging until they meet the
median ocellus; the antennae are composed of twelve to four-
teen segments, are usually rather short and inserted a little in
front of the anterior inferior border of the eyes; the palpi are
entire, cylindrical, or a little flattened at the extremity. The
pronotum is truncate in front or is produced in an angle over
the head as in Nomotettix; the dorsum is usually flat, although
strongly carinate or cristate in some species; the humeral
angles obtuse; the lateral lobes directed downward, and the
lobe formed by the posterior angle projecting but very rarely,
and then rounded and not angulate. The elytra are always in
the form of a scale, oblong and punctate, and the wings are
well developed in most of the species ; the sternomentum is
largely reflexed about the mouth. The legs are variable ; the
anterior femora carinate above, and not at all sulcate; some-
times the middle femora possess large clypeate dilatations
{C/}'pcotctti.v), their carinae often undulate (Paratcttix) or
entire, the jjosterior tibial carin.-e appreciably parallel, being
but little or not at all widened toward the extremity, their
carinas having numerous spines, the terminal spurs rather long
and inequal, the posterior tarsi slender and their first seg-
ment longer than the third.

GEN. NOMOTETTIX, morse.

Body small, a little compressed, usually brachypterous,
granulate rugose. Vertex wider than one of the eyes, middle
carinate, in profile angulate produced in front of the eyes;
crown usually mammillate posteriorly between the eyes. Fron-
tal costa more or less sinuate, viewed in front the rami approxi-
mate and parallel; antenna; short, filiform, with thirteen or

54 TETTIGW.E OF NORTH AMERICA

more rarely twelve articles, not reaching the humeral angles,
viewed in profile inserted barely in front of the anterior inferior
border of the eyes. Dorsum of pronotum more or less com-
pressed, between the shoulders rather narrow; median carina
strongly cristate and longitudinally more or less arcuate;
antcro-dorsal margin of pronotum advanced upon the head,
angulate, posteriorly cuneate, most rarely subulate; lateral
lobes of pronotum bisinuate posteriorly, the infra humeral
lateral sinus shallow, the inferior lateral sinus deep, angulate,
the median lobule between the two feebly developed, the pos-
terior inferior angle obtuse angulate. Elytra narrow acuminate.
Marginal carinje of anterior and middle femora entire; pos-
terior femora more or less stout; carina; of posterior tibije
multispinose, the first tarsal article longer than the second and
third combined.

Tettix, Harris: Batrachidea, Scudder, Nat. Mon. N. Am.
Orth., 478 (1862), Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.; Thomas Synop.
Acrid. N. Am., 189 (1873); Fernald, Orth. N. Eng., 48
(1888), separate; Tettix, Bolivar, Essai (260), 86 (1887);
Nomotettix, Morse, Psyche, Oct., 150(1894); Hancock, Ent.
News, June, 135 (1898); Scudder, Guide N. Am. Orth., 189
(1873); Hancock, Psyche, Jan. 6 (1900).

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

1. Vertex shallowly fossulate on either side of the

median carina opposite anterior portion of the eyes;
antero-dorsal margin of pronotum, viewed from
above, obtuse angulate; body rugose.

2. P"ace strongly retreating; body very small.

parvus, Morse.

3. Vertex, viewed from above, with front border strongly

angulate; body larger. aciiiiiinaius, Hanc.

4. Anterior border of vertex convex; face moderately

retreating, ampliate. s/i/u/ro/is, Hanc.

I. I. Vertex quite deeply longitudinally fossulate on either
side of the median carina opposite anterior portion
of the eyes, frontal carina laterally compressed.

HANCOCK 55

5. Median carina of pronotum strongly compressed, in

profile strongly arcuate, translucent, punctulate;
posterior femora scarcely at all ampliate.

compressus, Morse.

6. Body larger; median carina of pronotum lower; pos-

terior femora distinctly ampliate. cristatus, Morse.

7. Pronotal process posteriorly extended beyond the

knee of hind femora. carinatus, Brun.

8. Body smaller; median carina of vertex in profile

scarcely elevated above the eyes ; elytra not
strongly elongate.

9. Pronotum between the shoulders strongly tectiform,

between the carinas transversely subconcave; body
rugose, scabrous. f/oridaniis, sp. n.

10. Median carina of pronotum longitudinally arcuate,

between the shoulders transversely compresso-
cristate, between the carinae strongly concave;
body granulate, rugose. arcnatiis, sp. n.

NOMOTETTIX PARVUS, MORSE.

Plate II., Figs. 4-4a.

Small, vertex projecting in advance of eyes about two-
thirds the length of an eye, the anterior margin obtuse angu-
late, its sides nearly straight, rounding shortly into sides of
crown, the mid-carina showing from above as a very small,
slightly projecting tooth; mid-carina low on the crown, dis-
appearing opposite the middle of the posterior half of the
eyes; profile rounded or round-angulate at top, deeply exca-
vate opposite eyes, subprotuberant o[)posite lower border of
eyes, the face more retreating than in cristatus; sides of crown
subparallel, slightly excavate opposite anterior portion of
eyes; mammillse of occiput scarcely distinct. Pronotum
sharply tectiform, the mid-carina lower and less arched longi-
tudinally than in cristatus ; anterior margin of dorsum project-
ing but little over the head, obtuse-angled, the sides straight
or very slightly excavate; surface scabrous.

Length of body, /, 6.5-6.8 mm.; pronot., 5.5-6 mm.;

56 TETTIGID.£ OF NORTH AMERICA

post, fern., 4 mm.; antenneu, 2 mm.; 5,8.5 mm.; pronot., 7.6
mm.; antennse, 2 mm.

This species differs from N. cristatus in the smaller size;
lower carina, less angulate anterior margin, and more scabrous
surface of the pronotum; more advanced vertex, with less
distinct carina in top view; more projecting vertex, more
retreating face, and flatter crown in side view, with excavation
opposite the eyes shallow and rounded instead of sharply
excised.

St. Anthony Park, Minnesota, Professor Otto Lugger.
(Morse.)

Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. III., p. 14, fig. i, pi.
II, Vol IV.

Specimens in my collection from the same locality were
presented to me by Professor Lugger, and it seems to be a
local species closely allied to N. acuininatus, Hancock.
Lugger, Orthop., Minn., 3d Ann. Rep. State Plxp. Station,
106, fig. 62 {1S98); Scudder, Cat. Orth., U. S., 15 (1900);
Scudder, Index N. Am Orth., 2og (1901).

NOMOTETTIX ACUMINATUS, HANC.

Plate II., Figs. 2-2a.

Similar to N. parvus, differing as follows: Larger, includ-
ing relative proportions of body. Vertex from above more
acute angulate, the mammilla; of occiput more distinct; the
antero-dorsal margin of pronotum a little more angulate pro-
duced over the head; wings posteriorly reach slightly beyond
the apical process. From cn's/rrfiis it is distinguished by the
more slender form of the body, besides having the median
carina of the pronotum less arcuate longitudinally.

Length of body, § 9 mm. ; pronotum, 8 mm. ; hind
femora, 5 mm.; antennae, 2.5 mm.

Locality, Lawrence, Kansas. (Hugo Kahl.)

Nomotettix acuminatus, Hancock, Ent. News, X., 8
(1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 15 (1900); Scudd., Index
N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).

HANCOCK

NOMOTETTIX SINUFRONS, HAN'C.

Body a little compressed, rugose, granulate; crown mani-
millate posteriorly between the eyes, occiput considerabh-
exposed. Vertex fully twice as wide as one of the e3'es, rugose,
in profile distinctly higher than the eyes, and strongly pro-
duced in front of them; median carina distinct anteriorly,
obliterated posteriorly, ]5rojecing a little from the middle of
the convex front border; on either side of the median carina
of the vertex shallowly fossulate or subdepressed between the
anterior half of the eyes; viewed in front the frontal carinae
substraight. Frontal costa moderately sulcate, rami parallel,
in profile strongly advanced in front of the eyes, a little sinu-
ate between them, face a little retreating. Pronotum rugose,
granulate, antero-dorsal margin angulate, the sides of the
angle subconcave, in profile anteriorly produced scarcely
beyond the posterior border of the eyes; dorsum between the
shoulders narrow, humeral angles widely obtuse, posteriorly
the process cuneate, reaching about as far as the knee of the
hind femora; median carina of pronotum distinct, compresso-
carinate, longitudinally rather low subarcuate, highest between
the shoulders, lateral carinae indistinct. Wings not reaching so
far as the apical process; elytra narrow, subacuniinate. Femoral
margins entire; posterior femora stout, the first article of the
posterior tarsi much longer than the third, serrulate above,
pulvilli flat below.

Body, 5 9.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5 mm.; post, fern., 6 mm.

Locality, Minnesota, St. Anthony Park. (Lugger.)

This species is nearly allied to X. cristatus, differing from
that species principal!}' in the body being a little more rugose;
the vertex a little wider and more flattened, coarsely granu-
late, convex at the anterior border, the median carina of vertex
less distinct and but little projecting, the occiput more uncov-
ered; the facial frontal costa less sinuate; the face more
ampliate; the pronotum, while anteriorly angulate, projects
but little over the head; the median carina of pronotum less
thinly cristate and in profile longitudinally presenting a lower

58 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

arcuation. From parvus it is distinguished by the convex
front border of the vertex.

Nomotettix sinufrons, Hanc, Ent. News, X., 278, 279
(1899), Minn.; Scudder, Cat. Orth., U. S., 92 (1900); Scud-
der, Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).

NOMOTETTIX COMPRESSUS, MORSE.

Body small, compressed, granulate, poiyornate. Vertex
nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, a little higher in
profile than the eyes, and strongly produced in front of them;
front border subrounded; median carina anteriorly distinct,
viewed in profile a little convex, from above a little project-
ing at the front border; anteriorly on each side of the median
carina of the vertex longitudinally rather deeply fossulate, the
frontal carina laterally compressed and subangulato-rounded.
Frontal costa in profile between the eyes moderately sinuate,
the face distinctly retreating, viewed in front the frontal costa
sulcate, the rami parallel. Pronotum strongly compressed,
antero-dorsal margin angulate produced over the head to about
the posterior third or half of the eyes, sides of angle concave;
dorsum between the shoulders narrow, transversely strongly
concave between the carina:; humeral angles widely obtuse;
pronotal process posteriorly acuminate; median carina of pro-
notum strongly compresso-cristate, longitudinally arcuate,
highest between the shoulders, often presenting numerous
translucent punctulations when held against the light; more
or less broken linear in arrangement. Wings not reaching so
far as the apex of pronotum; elytra narrow, subacuminate.
Femoral carina; a little compressed, entire; posterior femora
scarcely at all ampliate; pulvilli of ])osterior tarsi flattened
below, the second nearly as long as the third.

Length of body, $ 6.3-7 nim.; pronot., 6-6.2 mm.; post.
fem., 4-4.3 mm.; antenna;, 2.2 mm; 5, 7.1-8.7 mm.; pronot.,
6.5-8 mm.; hind fern., 5 mm.; antenna;, 2.2 mm.

Locality, Clark, Ind. (Wheeler); Vigo County (Blatchley);
Dune Park, Ind. (Hancock).

Resembling cristatus, but the body is smaller and more

HANCOCK 59

compressed, the median carina of the pronotum more arcuate,
often with distinct translucent punctulations in broken linear
arrangement; the posterior femora scarcely at all ampliate.

Variations as evidenced from an examination of forty-seven
specimens from Dune Park, Indiana: The punctulations of
the median carina sometimes appear like one or several lines
of irregular pin holes; the median carina may be without dis-
tinct pin-hole punctulations, but more or less translucent, or
both conditions may appear in the same individual; on the
other hand, an occasional one may appear with the median
carina sufficiently opaque as to scarcely admit light through it.

HABITS.

This species of Nomotetti.x lives on dry, sandy soil, lightly
covered by fragments of twigs, leaves, and various fine debris
accumulated from past seasons. It frequently seeks retreat
among prickly pear cactus on mossy covered ground, slightly
sheltered b}^ trees, among sand dunes. It is a curious little
species, occurring in certain localities in Indiana where there
was no evidence of much moisture, and though sometimes
quite common locally, it required the exercise of tact on hand
and knees to capture the sprightly little insects. In the cool
fall morning they did not appear to jump far, but as the sun-
light warmed the ground they became more active. Some
were in the last pupa stage, but the majority were adult.
This species was associated with an occasional individual of
Tettix ornatiis. Dune Park, Indiana, October 7, 1901.

On two occasions this species was found frequenting mossy
ground skirting a swampy opening. They were on dry, sandy
earth at the edge of a wood, the opening being surrounded
by sand dunes. Nearly full grown pupa were found August
9- 1897.

Very similar to N. cristatiis, resembling it in size and pro-
portions of body, but differing as follows: Median carina of
pronotum a little higher, especially opposite the shoulders,
more smoothly arched on top, and distinctly compressed into
a keel, which is about one millimeter in height at the shoul-
ders and so thin in section that punctulations of its surface

6o TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA

appear translucent when held to the light. Dorsal front mar-
gin of pronotum much advanced upon the head, projecting
over it a distance nearly or quite e(]ual to one-half the dis-
tance between the lateral carina;, with the sides strongly con-
cave, cristatus projecting but one-fifth to one-third the above
distance and with the sides less concave.

Length of body, $, 8.4 mm.; pronotum, 7.8 mm.; hind fem.,
5-6 mm.; antennae, 2.5 mm. $, 9-9.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5-8.8
mm.; hind fem., 5-6 mm.; antennae, 2.8 mm."

After describing this species Morse was not confident it was
racial or specific.

Nomotettix compressus, Morse ?

Morse, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Vol. III., 15 (1895).

Locality, North Carolina (Atkinson and Morse); Indiana,
Maryland, Georgia (Morse).

Scudd., Cat. Orth., U. S., 15 (1900); Scudd, Index N.
Am. Orth., 209 (1901).

NOMOTETTIX CRISTATUS, MORSE.

Body small, brachypterous, a little compressed; granulate,
subrugose, polyornate, light fuscous variable, frequently pre-
senting triangular black spots on the disc of the pronotum,
either in pairs or merging together or wanting. Crown mammil-
late on each side between the posterior third of the eyes.
Vertex about twice the width of one of the eyes, having a dis-
tinct scarcely convex median carina, in profile advanced
beyond the eyes a little less than one-half the length of one
of them; the front border of the vertex viewed from above
convex, from in front concave, the median carina projecting
as a little tooth. Frontal costa in j^rofile deeply angulato-sinu-
ate between the eyes, between the antenn.-E a little protuber-
ant, but not so far as the vertex; viewed in front the frontal
costa is distinctly and suddenly furcate, the rami moderately
separated and parallel. Eyes rather small, subelliptic from
above, subconico-globose in jjrofile. Antenna? in profile inserted
a little below the antero-inferior border of the eyes, filiform,
with twelve to thirteen articles. Pronotum having the antero-
dorsal margin angulate produced (usually about one-third the

HANCOCK 6 1

length of one of the eyes over the head), posteriorly the pro-
notal process is acute, extending backward nearly to or a
little beyond the knee of hind femora, humeral angles obtuse,
between the shoulders rather narrow, transversely between the
carinas concave. Median carina of pronotum distinctly cris-
tate, longitudinally arcuate, more rarely with a number of
translucent punctulations visible when held against the light
(not so numerous or apparent as in cojjipresstis)\ lateral and
antero-lateral carina; moderately developed ; lateral lobes of
pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, the superior sinus shallow for
the reception of the elytra; the inferior quite deep, forming
nearly a right angle; the little lobule between the two feebly
developed, being subconvexed; posterior angle of lateral lobe
obtuse angulate. Elytra small, elongate, subacuminate; wings
rudimentary, not extended backward so far as the apex of
pronotal process. Anterior and middle femora entire, the mid-
dle femora more compressed, posterior femora stout; tibia; not
at all ampliate at the extremity, multispinose; first, second,
and third pulvilli of posterior tarsi successively increasing
in length, flattened below, the first and second acute.

Morse gives the following measurements:

Total length, ,J, 7.7-9 mm.; pronot., 7.1-8.5 mm.; pro-
notum passing hindfem., 1-1.5 mm.; wings passing pronotum,
.5-1.3 mm.; length $, 8.6-10.2 mm.; pronot., 8-9.5 tnm.;
pronotum passing hind fem., .5-1 mm.; wings passing pro-
notum, .7-2 mm.

In Massachusetts it is reported by Professor Morse to be
common locally. He has taken it in every month of the year
excepting November. Young specimens were taken in
October, commonly of small or medium size, and in June about
half-grown; in middle of July very small, and one in the last
stage was taken in northern Vermont. It would appear from
these observations that the breeding period in New England
is later than it is in allied species farther south and west,
ovipositing probably being in the latter part of June or early
July.

Tetrixcristatus, Harris, MSS. Batrachidea cristata, Scudd.
Materials, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII., 478 (1862); Thomas,

62 TETTIGID^E OF NORTH AMERICA

Syn. Acrid. N. Am., V., 190 (1873); Fernald, Orth. N. Eng.,
48; Batrachidea cristata, Harris, Morse, Psyche, 54, 107(1894);
Nomotettix cristatus, Morse, Psyche, VII., 150, 152, pi. 6,
figs. I, la-d (1894); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898);
Morse, Psyche, VIII., 320 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S.,
15 (1900); Smith, Ins. N. J., 158 (1900); .Scudd., Index N.
Am. Orth., 209 (1901).

Through the generosity of Professor Morse, the author
had an opportunity of examining twenty specimens which had
been taken 7\pril 22, 1899, in Massachusetts, and four days
later the colors were still preserved. On first examining the
specimens the colors were quite vivid, but after softening
them for mounting the daylight exposure caused a rapid
change in coloration. In some specimens four rich black
spots upon the dorsum of the pronotum were conspicuous, the
posterior pair being the largest. These were bounded laterally
sometimes by a light, almost white, line not appreciable in
cabinet specimens. The black spots are sometimes obscure,
being replaced by a plain gray, or there occurs an evident
attempt at fusion of the spots into imperfect longitudinal
bands. A light yellowish white inclosure may appear (as a
spot) between the dark spots on the pronotal disc.

In writing of Nomotettix cristatus in Massachusetts, Pro-
fessor Morse says:

"This species lives on light sandy soils, but especially in
dry pastures and other wild land sparsely covered with a
scanty growth of curling tufts of Danthonia grass, scraps of
Cladonia lichens, and the leathery leaves of Antennaria. It
is perhaps more plentiful in damper portions of such localities,
but differs much from the other species of the subfamily in
this particular, the others |jreferring soils perpetually moist or
even the shores of lakes or streams."

Locality, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, New lingland .States.

HANCOCK 6

NOMOTETTIX CARINATUS, BRUN.

Plate II., Fig. 5.

Head, legs, and lateral lobes of pronotum resembling cris-
tatus. Pronotum anteriorly angulate produced, posteriorly
subulate, rugose, between the shoulders transversely strongly
tectiform; pronotal process extended backward beyond the
knee of posterior femora; median carina of pronotum a little
compressed, longitudinally slightly convex, a little higher over
the shoulders, posteriorly gently concave. Wings explicate,
extended a little beyond the process.

Length of body, $, g.2 mm.; pronot., 11.8 mm.; post,
fem., 5.3 mm.

Morse gives the following measurements: $, 11-11.5 mm.;
pronot., g. 5-10.7 mm.; j, 11-12.5 mm.; pronot., 9.8-11.5
mm.; posterior femora breadth contained 2.5 times in the
length; pronotum extending beyond the posterior femora; $,
2-3 mm.; $, 1-2.8 mm.; wing extension beyond pronotum,
$, .4-. 8 mm.; $, .3-1 mm.

Locality, Massachusetts (Morse), New Jersey (Smith),
Nebraska (Bruner).

Batrachidea carinata, Scudd., Mat. Bost. Journ. Nat.
Hist., 497 (1862); Thorn., Syn. Acrid. N. Am., 190 (1873);
Fernald, Orth. N. Eng. (Separate), 49 (1888); Batrachidea
carinata, Scudd.; B. cristata, Harr., Morse, Psyche, 54 (1894);
Morse, Psyche, 107 (1894); Nomotettix cristatus carinatus,
Morse, Psyche, 150, 151 (1894); Nomotettix carinatus, Brun.,
Ann. Rept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 138 (1897); Smith, Ins.
N. J., 158 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 209 (1901).

Morse maintains that carinatus is a reversion to the earlier
long-winged type of female cristatus, consequently a variety
of that species.

The proportion of the former to the latter individuals, as
determined locall)', is one or two to the hundred in Massa-
chusetts, where observations were made. It is found associ-
ated with cristatus.

64 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

NOMOTETTIX FLOKIDANUS, SP. N.

Body small, a little compressed, rugose scabrous, some-
times light reticulate with fuscous, with two obscure black-
spots on the pronotum. Vertex nearly twice as wide as one of
the eyes, median carina distinct, in profile low, scarcely ele-
vated above the eyes, anteriorly rounded angulate, viewed
from above distinctly projecting at the middle of the front
border; on either side of the median carina of vertex anteriorly
distinctly fossulate between the eyes; front border convexo-
subtruncate; frontal carina: compressed laterally, rounding
into sides, lateral margins of crown subparallel. Frontal costa
in profile produced in front of the eyes about one-fourth to
one-third their length, deeply angulato-sinuate between the
eyes; face rather strongly retreating. Pronotum rugose, sca-
brous; antero-dorsal margin strongly angulate; sides of angle
scarcely concave, in profile acute, advanced over the head a
little more than one-half the length of the eyes; dorsum
between the shoulders narrow, transversely strongly tectiform,
between the carina; subconcave; posteriorly apical process
obtuse, not reaching so far as the apex of posterior femora;
median carina of pronotum subarcuate, highest between the
shoulders; median lobule of lateral lobes almost obliterated;
scapular area above the elytra distinct, nearly as high as the
exposed portion of the elytra. Wings very little develojjed;
elytra very small, their length a little more than twice their
breadth. Femoral margins entire, compressed; posterior
femora ampliate. rugose; first article of posterior tarsi as long
as the second and third combined.

Length of body, ^;, 8 mm.; pronot., 6.9 mm.; post, fem.,
4.7 mm.

Locality, Port Orange, Florida; Enterprise, Florida
(Bolter).

Described from two females. One of the specimens in
the author's collection received from the late A. Bolter, Chi-
cago; the other in the collection of the University of Illinois.
This species is allied in cotitprcssns, but is distinguished by the
vertex, it being as viewed from above more convexo-subtrun-

Tettigidae of North America

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

i fHIT*-6fi1VU!te CO

HANCOCK 65

cate; the pronotum not so strongly compressed, in profile
longitudinally less arcuate; the body rugose, scabrous; the
elytra smaller, less elongate; the median lobule of the lateral
lobes of pronotum almost obliterated, the posterior femora
ampliate. From the other species it can be readily distin-
guished by referring to the key.

NOMOTETTIX ARCUATUS, SP. N.

Body small, strongly compressed, granulate, rugose, dark
fuscous. Vertex about twice as wide as one of the eyes, front
border convex, median carina distinct, in profile very little
convex, scarcely elevated as high as the eyes, viewed from
above, distinctly projecting from the middle of the front
border; anteriorly on either side of the median carina of the
vertex fossulate between the eyes; frontal carinae laterally a
little compresso-rounded into the sides at the anterior portion
of the eyes. Frontal costa angulato-sinuate between the eyes;
face strongly retreating. Antero-dorsal margin of pronotum
obtuse angulate, in profile advanced over the head nearly to
the middle of the eyes; posterior pronotal process acuminate,
not extended quite so far as the apex of posterior femora,
between the shoulders narrow; humeral angles widely obtuse;
median carina of pronotum strongly compresso-arcuate, high-
est at the shoulders, between the carinje transversely strongly
concave; median lobule of posterior margin of lateral lobes
nearly obliterated. Wings undeveloped; elytra small, the width
contained two and one-half times in the length (while in
N. cristatiis the width is contained about three times in the
length). Femoral carinae compressed, entire; posterior femora
distinctly amjjliate, at the outer third of the superior marginal
carina provided with a very small acute tooth.

Length body, 2. 8 mm.; pronot., 7.5 mm.; post, fern.,
5 mm.

Locality, Tifton, Georgia (Pilate).

The species described by Bolivar as Tcttix cristatus,
Scudd., agrees with this species, and the fact that he gives the
locality as Georgia is further evidence that this was the species

66 TETTJG/D.£ OF NORTH AMERICA

meant in his description. The measurement of male and
female he gives as follows:

Length of body, ,j 5, 7-9 mm.; jjronot., 7.5-9 mm.; post,
fem., 4.5-6 mm.

Tettix cristatus, Bol., Essai, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXXI'.,
257, 260 (1887).

In the following group are some which present the most
suggestive problems of variation; there is evidence of the recent
origin of many changes in structure. The tendency to vary
is inherent in all the forms, the line of demarkation not easily
drawn between species, but it is clearly apparent from an
examination of a considerable series from distant and inter-
mediate localities that appreciable changes in structure are
taking place through the reaction of the organisms on their
environment; varieties and species are being formed moder-
ately rapidly, and some of the forms have not yet attained the
degree of specialization to which they are trending. The
descriptions of the species give a composite conception to
the mind, the variations being of such wide range as to baffle
separate description of each individual phase. The differ-
ence between the extremes of the gramilatus and the arenosus
groups is very wide, approaching separate generic rank.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

GRAN'ULATUS GROUP.

1. Median carina of pronotum more or less distinctly

elevated, percurrent; dorsum transversely tectiform.

2. Body slender, pronotal process posteriorly extenuate;

vertex viewed from above obtuse angulate.

granu/ntus, Scudd.
2A. Pronotal process and wings more or less abbrevi-
ated, g. variegatus, var. n.
2. 2. Dorsum between the shoulders wider; apical process
and wings shorter ; scapular area higher over the
outer fourth of elytra; face broader, ampliate.

iitcurvatiis, Hanc.

HANCOCK 67

3. Vertex in dorsal view with anterior border convex ;

frontal costa viewed in profile not at all sinuate.

subspec. liiggeri, Hanc.

4. Pronotum distinctly incrassate ; superior lateral sinus

of lateral lobes shallow; frontal costa in profile
moderately sinuate; face retreating. brmicri, Bol.

ORNATUS GROUP.

5. Vertex in dorsal view obtuse angulate; median carina

distinctly projecting as a tooth at the middle of the
front border; frontal costa protuberant opposite
lower part of eyes. acadicus, Scudd.

6. Body rather slender; median carina of pronotum dis-

tinct, percurrent, in profile a little elevated anteri-
orly; front margin of vertex convex; superior
lateral sinus of pronotum quite deep. oniatiis, Harr,

6A. Pronotum and wings more or less abbreviated.

var. (). triangularis, Scudd.

7. Pronotum anteriorly between and before the shoulders

with the median carina arcuate, compresso-elevated;
middle femora enlarged, in the male nearly or
quite one-half as broad as long; body more robust.

hancocki, Morse.
7A. Pronotum and wings abbreviated.

Ii. ahhrcviatus, Morse.
7. 7. Middle femora of moderate proportions; body

robust. crassiis, Morse.

7. 7A. Pronotum and wings abbreviated. c. affiiiis, var. n.

ARENOSUS GROUP.

I. I. Median carina of pronotum not at all or very little
elevated, in profile barely undulate or anteriorly
gibbose; dorsum transversely flattened or subcon-
vex.
8. Frontal costa narrowly sulcate, rami closely approx-
imate; vertex distinctly depressed anteriorly; eyes

68 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

in dorsal view |jrominent, moderately large; body
rather slender, pronotal process posteriorly ex-
tenuate acute. arenosiis, Burm.

8 A. I'ronotum and wings abbreviated; dorsum between
the shoulders broader depressed; frontal costa more
abruptly furcate, the rami more appreciably sepa-
rated, a. cost at us, var. n.

g. Vertex slightly depressed anteriorly, in profile ad-
vanced beyond the eyes, equal to about one-fourth
the diameter of one of them; frontal costa in profile
distinctly sinuate; eyes of medium size; body moder-
ately robust. obsairus, Hanc.

gA. Pronotum anteriorly before the shoulders more or
less strongly constricted, gibbose; median carina
low, frequently indistinctly undulate, posteriorly
subhorizontal. gibbosiis, Hanc.

gB. Median carina of pronotum posteriorly with small

undulations. var. fluctiiosus, Hanc.

gC. Body very small; dorsum anteriorly gibbose,' posteri-
orly strongly flattened. var. decoratus, Hanc.

10. Lateral carina; of pronotum decidedly compressed;
dorsum behind the shoulders compresso-narrowed.

blatclilcyi, sp. n.

GEN. TETTIX, CHARP.

Body lightly rugose, granulate. Vertex viewed from above
wider than one of the eyes, laterally more or less sinuate;
middle carinate, anterior border angulate, or convex or sub-
truncate, viewed in profile more or less distinctl}' produced
in advance of the eyes. Frontal costa more or less or not at
all sinuate. Antennae short, not reaching to the shoulders,
stout or slender, consisting of twelve to fourteen articles,
inserted hardly in advance of the eyes. Dorsum of pronotum
transversely between the shoulders may be subcompressed,
tectiform, flattened, subconvex, or lightly depressed; pro-
notum truncate anteriorly or antero-dorsal margin scarcely
angulate, posteriorly extenuate acute or the apical process

HANCOCK 69

abbreviated; humeral angles strongly obtuse, lateral lobes
posteriorly bisinuate; posterior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse;
inferior margin oblique, more or less lightly reflected later-
ally. Femora entire or margins undulate, posterior tibiae near
the apex a little enlarged, carinas serrulate, short spinose;
first article of posterior tarsi elongate, distinctly longer than
the third, the pulvilli may be flat below or subspiculate.

Tettix, Charpentier, Germar, Zeitsch III., 315 (1841).

Tetrix, Latreille, Hist. Nat. d. Crust, et. Ins., XII., 161
(1804).

Tettix, Fischer (1853). ^

Bolivar, Essai, 257 (1887).

Morse, Psyche, 149 (1894).

Scudder, Cat. N. Amer. Orth., 24 (1897).

Hancock, Ent. News, 138 (1898).

Hancock, Psyche, 6, 7 (1890).

GRANULATUS GROUP.

TETTIX GRANULATUS, SCUDD.

Plate IV., Figs. 2, 2a.
Plate III., Fig I.

Body slender, granulate, or little rugose. Crown of head
united with the frontal costa, forming a subconoid profile.
Vertex viewed from above nearly twice as wide as one of the
eyes, front margin obtuse angulate, advanced farther than the
eyes, perceptibly widened posteriorly, lateral margins a little
sinuate, occiput naked; median carina of the vertex distinct,
not projecting beyond the frontal apex, on either side of the
median carina longitudinally a little fossulate, viewed in profile
low, scarcely raised above the eyes; the small frontal carinas
of the vertex forming the front margin, nearly horizontal,
viewed from above laterally angularly curved at the antero-
inner margin of the eyes, scarcely compressed, and here the
vertex a little wider. Frontal costa viewed in profile strongly
advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes hardly sinuate,
between the antennae scarcely convex; viewed in front the
frontal costa narrowly sulcate, rami parallel, very little more

70 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

divergent at the median ocellus; face distinctly retreating.
Eyes small, viewed from above elyptic. Antennte short, stout.
Pronotum anteriorly truncate ijosteriorly long extenuate; the
apex acute, passing the posterior femora, not extended quite
so far as the wings; antero-dorsal margin sometimes indis-
tinctly obtuse angulate; dorsum narrow, transversely between
the shoulders tectiform; humeral angles widely obtuse angu-
late; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated, percur-
rcnt, in profile nearly straight, sometimes scarcely undulating,
a little more elevated anteriorly between the shoulders; lateral
lob^ posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the elytral sinus nearly
as deep as the inferior sinus, the median lobule between the
two angulate; posterior inferior angle obtuse, scarcely rounded
below. Elytra subampliate, elongate, rounded apically; wings
fully developed. Femora slender, margins entire; posterior
femora much reduced near the apex; first article of posterior
tarsi a little longer than the other two together, the pulvilli
flat below, the first small, acute, the second about twice as
long as the first, the third nearly as long as the first and second
together.

Length body, f,, 8-9 mm.; pronot., 10. 5-1 1 mm.; post,
fem., 4.9-5.5 mm.; J, body, lo-ii mm.; pronot., 12.5-13.7
mm.; post, fem., 6-6.3 mm.

Acrydium granulatum (Kirby), Faun. Bor. Am. Ins., 251

(1837)-

Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,
VII., 474 (1862).

Tettix granulatus (Scudd.), Thomas, Rep. U. S. Geol.
Surv.

Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Fernald., Orth. New Eng.

Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Bolivar, Essai (1887).

Tettix granulatus (Kirby), Morse, Psyche.

Tettix morsei, Hancock, Ent. News.

See further on for complete bibliography.

Locality, temperate and boreal regions of North America.

Agassiz, B. C. (Walker); De Grassi Pt. L. Simcoe, Ont.
(Walker); Toronto, Can. (D. G. Cox, Baker); Colorado
(Baker); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Wellesley,

HANCOCK 71

Mass. (Morse); Evanston, Kenilworth, Chicago, Glen Ellyn,
Richmond, Riverside, Winnetka, in Illinois (Hancock); N.
Illinois (C. T. Brues); Evanston, 111. (J. G. Needham); Mon-
tello, Nee-pee-nauk, Wilson's Island, L. Puckavvay, in Wis-
consin (Hancock); Dune Park, Ind. (Hancock); Kewanna,
Ind. (Blatchley); Michigan Agric. Coll. (Baker); Sparta, Wis.
(Hancock); also recorded from Minn., Mass., Me., N. H.,
Hudson Bay, Arc. Am., L. Huron, Conn., Can., Iowa, Nebr.,
Dak., Mont., Van Couver, Kan., New York, Montreal, Col.,
Ont., Staten Is., Vic, N. J., Manitoba.

A female specimen from northern Illinois in the collection
of the late A. Bolter, of Chicago, measured sixteen millimeters
in total length, this being the maximum size of any examples
examined. A series of specimens from St. Anthony Park,
Minn., furnished by the late Professor Otto Lugger presented
some departures from the usual form. There was variation in
the angularity of the vertex, the frontal margin of some
examples being inordinately obtuse, resembling Tcttix liig-
geri ; the median carina of the pronotum instead of the usual
straight profile was undulating in its backwards course; the
dorsum more decidedly rugose, while the posterior tarsal
characters were but little changed.

The color is extremely variable in this species, and poly-
ornate, light or dark, fuscous, sometimes presenting yellowish
white lateral stripes, one on each side of the pronotal disc,
which may be continued forward on each side of the vertex.
Again, a light median longitudinal band may extend the entire
length of the pronotum, of uneven width, and rich black
pigmentation may be present on each side contrasting strongly
with the light band. Occasionally a light spot appears on
the pronotal disc.

The light band on the dorsum of pronotum is remarkably
protective while these little locusts are in their natural habitat,
simulating the dried grass-blades perfectly.

Variety 2. Pronotal process and wings more or less abbre-
viated; superior lateral sinus of lateral lobes less deep. In
this variety the posterior process extends scarcely beyond the
apex of the posterior femora and hardly passing the wings, or

72 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

the process may be intermediate in length between this variety
and the typical form with fully developed wings and pronotum,
but the wings do not extend cjuite to the apex. The elytra
are slightly shorter.

Length body, 5, 10.1-10.2 mm.; [ironot., 9.5-1 1.4 mm.;
post, fem., 6.1-6.2 mm.; body $, 7 mm.; pronot., 8 mm.;
post, fem., 5 mm.

Very rare. Specimens from Michigan and Wisconsin.

Variety 3. Body diminutive, otherwise the same. From
Colorado (Baker) on Grizzly Creek. S. W. of North Park;
also Larimer County, about 7,500 feet elevation.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TETTIX GRANULATUS.

Scudder, Can. Nat., vii, 288 (1862); Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, 474 (1S62); Smith, Proc.
Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., I., i;i (1S68); Packard, Guide Ins., 572 (1869); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt.
Brit. Mus.. v., 812 (1871); Can. Ent., IV., 31 (1872); Smith, Rept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 382
(1872); Thom., Rep.U. S. Geol. Surv., V., 182 (1873) ; Scudd., Hitchc, Rept. Geol, N. H., I.,
378 (1874): Riley, Rept. Ins. Mo., viii, 150, fig. 47 (1876); Prov,, Ent. Can., viii, 137 (1876);
Taune, Ent. Can., ii. 46 (1877); Bess., Bienn. Rept. Iowa Agric. Coll., vii, 210 (1877); Brun.,
Can. Ent., ix, 145 (1877); Riley, Locust Flag. 230, fig. 42 (1877); Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., I.,
256, fig, II (187S); Thom., Bull.U. S. Geo). S., iv, 484 (1878); Scudd., Rept. U. S. Ent, Comm,
ii. App. 28 (1881); Brun,, U. S, Ent. Comm., iii, 61 (18S3); Riley, Stand. Nat. Hist., ii. 192,
fig. 268 (1884); Brun., Bull. Wash. Coll., i, 139 (1885): Lintn., Rept. Ins. N. Y., ii, 197, fig.
59(1885); Caulf.,Can. Ent., xviii, 212 (1886)1 Can, Orth.. 14 (1887); BoL, Ann. Soc. Ent.,
Belg., XXXI., 265-266 (1887), separate, 91-92 (1SS7); Caulf., Rept. Ent. Soc, Ont., xviii, 71
(1S88); Fern., Ann, Rept, Mass. Agric. Coll.. XXV., fig. 18 (18S8); Fern., Orth. n. Eng., 46,
fig. 18 (1888); Dav., Ent. Amer., V., 81 (1889); Fletch., Rept. Exp. Farms, Can., 1888, 63
(1889); Smith, Cat, Ins. N. J., 415 (1890); Town, Proc, Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, 44 (1891)-, McNeill,
Psyche, vi, 77 (1891); Osh.. Proc. Iowa. Acad. Sc, I„ 117 (1S92); Brun., Publ. Neb. Acad. Sc,
iii, 28 (1893); Cock., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XX., 337 (1894): Morse. Psyche, vii. 54, 106, 154,
163, pi. 6. figs. 3,3a (1894); Blatchley, Can. Ent., X.XVI., 220-221 (1S94); Bent.. Bull. Am. M.
Nat. Hist., vi, 309 (1894); Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXIIl.. 237, pl. 6, figs, 3. 3a, pi. 9,
fig. 28 (1896): Blatchley, Orth. Ind., 22 (1897); Ball. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. IV.. 238 (1897);
Brun.. Ann. Kept. Neb. Bd. Agric, 1896. 138 (1897); Scudd., Appal., viii, 304 (1898); Scudd..
Alp. Orth. N. A., 6 (iSgS); Blatchley, Can. Ent., .XXX., 64 (1X98); Lugg., Orth. Minn., 107,
108, fig. 63 (1898); Walk., Can. Ent., xxx, 123 (1898); Tayl., Ott. Nat., xii. 59 (1S98); Hanc,
Ent, News.. X., 279-280 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16, 92 (1900); Fogg, Proc. Manch.
Inst. Art. Sc, I.. 45 (1900); Scudd.. Psyche, LX.. loo-ioi (1900); Smith, Ins. N. J., 159 (1900);
Needham, Occ. Mem. Chic. Ent. Soc, I.. 24 (1900); Scudd., Index. N. Am. Orth., 318-319
(1901).

HABITS.

The author found Tettigids in the woods on the ground about prostrate tree-trunks,
which were molding in decay and covered with greenish lichens and moss. The yellowish
and brownish fallen leaves were everywhere scattered over the bed of the forest. Occasion-
ally, when the wind was not blowing, the author was able to mark the presence of Tettigids
by the sound made as they jumped upon the dried leaves, Tettix granulatus znA Tetti-
g-iiisa p,in'!/>ennis pennalii v/ereespeciMy common here. The young of Chimaroccfliala
viridifascmta (both varieties), about hall an inch long, also jumped about, sometimes being
for the moment mistaken for Tettigids. Wilson's Island is surrounded by marshy land.—
Wilson's Island, Lake Puckaway, Wis., Oct. i. 1901.

HANCOCK 73

At tlie edi^e of a pond overgrown with swamp grass the author found Tettix granitla-
tus, Tcttix onintus and T. o. triangularis. In another locality at the muddy border of a
small lake Teltix giblfosics ?ind Tetiix granulatus vjitre observed in considerable numbers
along with half-grown pupa. In the woods where a little temporary rivulet had drained
the rich soil, leaving the margins muddy, were Tettigidca p . pcnnata, Tcttix graiiulatus
and Tettix gibbosus. The Tettigids seemed rather scattered in their distribution locally,
and the discovery of these insects at this time in the spring is evidence of their hibernation
through the winter. Only two other species of locusts were met with belonging to larger
orthoptera. These were in the pupa 'stage, living amon^ the dried leaves in the woods. —
Glen Ellyn, 111., .April 23, 1899.

Blatchley mentions that he has met with this species only in winter from beneath
logs in Vigo County. Indiana. The same observer found it very common in the depths of a
tamarack swamp in company with Tettigidea polymorpha. In writing of the habits of this
species, Morse says it prefers sedi;y meadow-lands and swales on sandy soil, occasionally
flooded by rains or freshets, and perpetually moist. Most of his specimens were taken
on a boggy swamp which had been filled in with sand and on which water stood most of the
time. Baker found the species hibernating under stones at Ft. Collins, Col., in March.

TETTIX LUGGER 1, H.ANC.

Plate IV., Figs. 6-6a.

Vertex viewed from above slightly advanced beyond the
anterior border of the eyes; anterior border convex; median
carina distinct, viewed in profile low nearly horizontal, ele-
vated but little above the eyes; lateral margins of vertex very
little sinuate. Frontal costa viewed in profile distinctlyadvanced
beyond the eyes, not at all sinuate, scarcely convex between
the antenns; frontal costa with the vertex together forming
an obtuse conoid profile, apex not prominent. Pronotum
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly extenuate, passing beyond the
apex of posterior femora; dorsum between the shoulders tecti-
form; median carina of pronotum percurrent and distinct.
Wings extended beyond the apex of pronotal process.

Length body 5, 15 mm.; pronot., 14.5 mm.; post, fern.,
6 mm.

Locality, Minnesota (Lugger); Illinois (Bolter).

A slender form allied to T. granulatus, but differing prin-
cipally in the character of the vertex and frontal costa. The
head in this species is not unlike that of Tettix turki of
Europe.

In a considerable series of specimens of Tcttix graitii/atiis
from Minnesota, the vertex presents variable forms interme-
diate between granulatus and liiggcri. The evolution of the
angulate vertex was excellently shown to have arisen from a

74 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

less pronounced type. Tcttix liiggcri appears to have a com-
paratively recent origin.

Tettix luggeri, Hancock, Lugg. Orth., Minn., lOg (1898);
Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am.
Orth., 319 (1901).

TETTIX INXURVATUS, HAXC.

Plate III., Fig. 2.

Somewhat resembling graniilatus, but differing as follows:
Average length of body shorter, more robust; head not quite
so produced; vertex at the occijjut more covered; dorsum of
pronotum between the shoulders wider, more distinctl}* tecti-
form; dorsal front and lateral front margins of pronotum
encroaching on the head; median carina of pronotum a little
more elevated, compressed anteriorly, lateral and fronto-
lateral carinae of pronotum little more compressed; scapular
area higher, especially over the outer fourth of the elytra;
face broader, ampliate; femora scarcely stouter.

Length body 5, 14-15 mm.; pronot., 13-13. 5 mm.; post,
fern., 6.5-7 mm.; $, body 11-12 mm.; pronot., 10-10.5 mm.;
post, fern., 5.3-6 mm.

In the male the wings extend slightly farther than the
pronotal process from .5 to i mm.; in the female this condition
varies, the wings extending slightly farther than the apex of
pronotum or sometimes not so far.

Locality, Palouse, Washington (J. C. Warren), author's
collection; New Mexico (Cockerell); Colorado (Caudell).

Found in openings among pines near the Palouse River,
Washington, sometimes on moss or white clover (Warren).

Tettix incurvatus, Hancock, Am. Nat., xxix, 761, 762,
fig. I (1895); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901).

TETTIX BRUNNERI, BOL.

Body broad, granulate, fusco-testaceus, above frequently
with two black spots on the pronotum. Vertex about twice or
a little more than twice the width of one of the eyes; median

HANCOCK 75

carina distinct, viewed in profile moderately elevated above
the eyes and a little convex; the median carina not projecting;
front border obtuse angulate, strongly advanced beyond the
front margin of the eyes; between the eyes on either side of
the median carina of vertex anteriorly a little longitudinally
fossulate, rather flat posteriorly, lateral margins sinuate; the
frontal carinae of vertex horizontal, viewed from above later-
ally angularly curved and compressed at the antero-inner
border of the eyes, here in front between the little lateral
carinae the vertex broadened; crown of head at occiput cov-
ered nearly to the eyes. Frontal costa viewed in profile moder-
ately sinuate between the eyes, viewed in front sulcate, the
rami subparallel, scarcely more divergent at the median ocellus.
Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly acute, sides nearly
straight; apical process abbreviated, extended barely as far or
considerably passing the posterior femora; dorsum between
the shoulders broad, transversely sharply tectiform; humeral
angles carinate, obtuse angulate; median carina of pronotum
distinctly elevated, percurrent viewed in profile near the
antero-dorsal margin a little more compressed horizontal or a
little concave posteriorly; lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate,
the superior lateral sinus moderately shallow; the inferior
sinus rather widely angulate, the median lobule between the
two with obtuse angulate margin. Elytra elongate, apex
rounded; wings equaling or slightly passing the pronotal
process. Femoral margins entire; middle femora scarcely com-
pressed; posterior femora moderately narrowed posteriorly
towards the apex, the first article of the posterior tarsi
strongly longer than the last two together, the pulvilli straight
below, the first pulvilli quite small, the second about twice
as long as the first, the third as long as the first two together.

Body, $, 5, 9-12 mm.; pronot, 10-12 mm.; post, fem.,
5.5-6 mm. (Bolivar).

The female specimen in the author's collection, presented
by Professor Ignacio Bolivar, has the following dimensions:

Body, 5, II mm.; pronot., 10. 5 mm.; post, fem., 6 mm.

Professor Morse gives the measurement of this species as
follows:

•je TETTIGID.ii OF NORTH AMERICA

Total, /, 10.3 mm.; j. 11. 4-14. 5 mm.; pronot., f, 9.3
mm.; 5, 10. 5-12 mm.; post, fem., X, 5-6 mm.; $, 6-6.6 mm.;
width of shoulders, t, 3 mm.; 5, 3.5 mm.; antennae, $, 3
mm.; 5, 2.5-3 mm.; pronot., passes posterior femora,
.3-2.5 mm.

Locality, Hudson Bay (Bolivar); Oregon TScudd.), Morse;
Laggan (Morse); Green River Wyo. (Morsej; Tennessee Pass,
Colo. (Bruner), Morse.

Tettix brunneri, Bolivar, Essai XXXI., 92 (1887).

Tettix tentatus, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., VII., 200

(1899)-

Tettix granulatus, Hanc, Ent. News, 279 (Dec. 1899);

Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16, 92 (1900); Scudd., Index N.
Am. Orth., 317 (1901 ).

This species comes near Tettix bipuiictalus of Europe, but
the latter is much smaller, the median carina proportionately
more cristate, approaching Nomotettix and the frontal costa
of the face in bipiDictatns, viewed in profile, is not sinuate.

ORNATUS GROUP.

TETTIX ACADICUS, SCUDD.

Plate IV., Figs. 3-3a.

Body robust, light clay colored or fulvous, variously ornate,
sometimes with a light spot on the disc or more often with
two black spots on the pronotum. Vertex viewed from above
more than twice the width of one of the eyes, strongly
advanced beyond the anterior margin of the eyes, the front
margin obtuse angulate, lateral margins sinuate, between the
lateral margins and median carina longitudinally fossulate,
deeper between the middle of the eyes, occiput covered nearly
to the eyes; median carina of vertex distinct anteriorly, pro-
jecting from the middle of the front margin, on either side
slightly sulcate, mammiform eminence on each side posteri-
orly; frontal carina of vertex laterally compresso-rounded into
the sides; viewed in profile crown of head scarcely elevated
above the eyes. Frontal costa viewed in profile strongly
advanced beyond the eyes, distinctly sinuate between the

HANCOCK 77

eyes, viewed in front the rami moderately divergent, a little
more separated at the median ocellus. Pronotum anteriorly
truncate, the antero-dorsal margin scarcely angulate, posteri-
orly acute, apical process abbreviated; dorsum between the
shoulders broad, transversely sharply- tectiform, humeral
angles strongly obtuse, carinate; median carina of pronotum
distinctly elevated, compressed between the shoulders, towards
the front convex, posteriorly nearly straight or scarcely sub-
sinuate concave; dorsum transversely between the carinae
concave; lateral lobes posteriorly bisinuate; the superior sinus
shallow, the inferior sinus widely angulate, the median lobule
between the two feebly developed; posterior inferior angle of
lateral lobes obtuse, widely rounded below and somewhat
laterally distended. El3tra elongate, towards the apex sub-
acuminate; wings abbreviated, extended nearly to the apex
of pronotum, but not so far as the end of ovipositor. Femoral
margins entire or barely subsinuate at lower margins of first
and second femora; posterior femora rather slender.

Body, J", 10 mm.; pronot., g mm.; post, fem., 5.5 mm.

Locality, near Lake of the Woods (Scudder), type speci-
men; St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Nebraska (Bruner);
Colorado (Cockerell); Canada (Scudder); New Mexico
(Scudder).

Tettix acadicus, Scudd., Ann. Rept. Chief Eng., 515
(1876); Bruner, Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc, IIL, 29 (1893);
Cockerell, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, XX., 337 (1894); Scudd.,
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXVIL, 209, 217(1896); Bruner,
Ann. Rept. Nebr. b. ag., 1896, 138 (1897); Scudd., Cat.
Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index. N. Am. Orth., 316

(1901).

The figure of Tettix ornatus, given by Lugger m his
Orthoptera of Minnesota, page 109, appears to have been
drawn from a specimen of Tettix acadicus. The writer infers
this from the hair line, the robust character of the figure, and
the abbreviated pronotum and wings. The figure here given
is drawn from Mr. Scudder's type specimen.

78 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

TETTIX ORNATUS, HARRIS.

Plate III., Fig. 4.

Eggs Plate XL, Figs. 3-33.

Bod\- of moderate size, rather slender, granulate. Vertex
viewed from above about equal in width to one of the eyes, a
little advanced beyond their anterior margin; the front mar-
gin of vertex convex, lateral margins a little sinuate, widened
posteriorly, on either side of the median carina longitudinally
a little fossulate, deeper between the middle of the eyes;
median carina of vertex distinct anteriorly projecting as a
small tooth at the middle of the front margin, either side very
little sulcate, occiput naked behind the eyes; crown of head
viewed in profile not at all elevated above the eyes. Frontal
costa in profile moderately advanced beyond the eyes, be-
tween the eyes lightly sinuate, between the antennae a little
protuberant, at the junction with the median carina of the
vertex angulate, the apex rounded, viewed in front the rami
very little diverging, being a little wider at the median ocellus.
Eyes rather small. Antennae moderately stout. Pronotum
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate, extended beyond
the posterior femora, but not so far as the wings; dorsum
between the shoulders tectiform, rather narrow, humeral
angles widely obtuse angulate; median carina of pronotum
distinct, percurrent nearly horizontal, in [jrofile behind the
anterior margin scarcely compresso-elevated, between the
shoulders very little elevated, posteriorly scarcely concave;
lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate; the superior
lateral sinus quite deep, nearly as deep as the inferior sinus;
the median lateral lobule obtuse angulate, the posterior inferior
angle of the lateral lobes obtuse at the apex, very little
rounded below and scarcely distended laterally; scapular area
narrow, widened a little posteriorly over the apical portion of
the elytra. Elytra rather elongate, subacuminate towards the
apex; wings' fully developed, extended a little beyond the
pronotal process. Femoral margins entire or indistinctly sinu-
ate at the lower margins of the first and second femora; mid-

HANCOCK

die femora moderately expanded, in the male about one-third
as broad as long; the posterior femora rather slender, the first
article of the posterior tarsi longer than the second and third
together, the first pulvilli small, the second about twice as
long as the first, the third as long as the first and second
together, flat below.

Length body, 5, 12-12.5 mrn.; pronot., 10. 3-10. 8 mm.;
post, fern., 5.5-6 mm.; body ,^, 10. 2-10. 5 mm.; jjronot., 9
mm. ; post, fern., 4.3-4.4 mm.

Distribution, temperate and boreal regions.

Locality, Chicago, Keniiworth, Bloomington, Riverside,
Grossdale, VVinnetka, in Illinois (Hancock); northern Illinois
(Brues); Atherton, Mo. (Adams); What Cheer, la. (Han-
cock); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Ames, la. (Ball);
Garden City, Kan. (Kahl); Lawrence, Kan. (Kahl); Kansas
(Westcott); Colorado (Baker); Wellesley, Mass. (Morse);
Brattleboro, Vt. (Morse); Montello, Wis., L. Puckaway
(Hancock).

From the preceding localities 33 j's and 21 $'1, repre-
sented in the author's collection. Also recorded from N. Y.,
Me., N. H., Vt., Conn., Mo., Ind., Nova Scotia, S. C, Can.,
Nebr., Brit. Am., N. Mex., Tex., Quebec, Staten Is., N. J.,
Ky., Miss.

HABITS.

At the edjje of the woods, a few hundred feet from a marsh, a ^'reat many Tettix were
found among the wooded debris, such as dried leaves, twigs, and moss. The moss in these
situations formed a compact carpet covering the ground, and upon this floor I found
most of the Tettigids. Beyond the woods, in a damp, abandoned field which had formerly
been ploughed where the rich soil had become covered with weeds and moss, Tettix ornatits
were found scattered about in numbers.— Near Montello, Wis., September 30, iQoi.

On the sun-exposed cement walks facing open lots near Lake Michigan nearly full-
grown pupa and mature Tettix ornatns and triangttlarjs were found by the score. At tliis
time of year (Augusti a large percentage of Tettix have made their last molt, and the
author found many in which the body was still soft and yielding. The colors at this stage
and time are fresh and strongly marked; the varieties being almost limitless.— .At Kenii-
worth, 111., August 7th.

On sandy soil where the light vegetable mold was sprinkled with fine gravel I found
eight specimens of Tettix ornatits. These specimens vary in the following particulars:

1. Dorsum of the pronotum with pale white marginal lines, one on each side; obscure
triangular black spots on the disk,

2. Color gray, speckled, and with triangular black spots on the dorsum.

3. Dorsum of the pronotum with clear white marginal lines, one on each side; with
black triangular spots. This example is clearly "bilineate." such as described by Harris.

4. Dorsum fuscous, femora with a transverse obscure yellowish bar.

8o TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

5. Dorsum with a median percurrent band extending forward, including tiie head,
colored a conspicuous yellowish white, and a similar colored band transversely arranged
on the femora: no black spots present.

6. 7. and 8. Pronotum reddish yellow conspersed with darker fuscous; no triangular
black spots visible.— Near the shore of Lake Michigan, Cheltenham (Chicago), October
25. 1896.

Near the Lake Shore at Cheltenham the author visited a point where in the preceding
fall some Tettix were found. May i8th, after searching carefully, only six Tetlix ornatus
were taken, one triangularis and one Tettigidea. h. fresh growth of green clover with
areas of lichens, mosses, and grasses, with various weeds, covered the ground, yet the
ground was so light that there was a sprinkling of gravel showing. The power of flight was
well developed in ornaius, and the color markings were as follows:

1. Grayish fuscous, a yellowish white narrow band running the entire length of the pro-
notum through the middle, and including the head, widening and including the apical pro-
cess behind. Femora externally lichen marked, obscure gray. Black spots on the prono-
tum not distinct.

2. Pronotum with distinct white line on each side of the disc, with two triangular velvet
black spots distinctly marked: posteriorly, the pronotum reddish gray. Femora with trans-
verse light band on upper margin.

3. 5. body grayish.

4. Body grayish marmorate. lichen colored: with indistinct dark spots on the pronotum.

5. Similar to preceding.

6. Body conspersed with dark fuscous. This is triangularis.

7. Young pupa, brightly marked like No. 4 described above. --Cheltenham (Chicago)
May 18. 1897.

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF TETTIX ORNATUS.

Tettix ornatus, Harris (Tettrix), Hitch,, Rept. Geol. Mass., 577 (1835); Cat. Ins. Mass.,
57 (183s); Ins. Inj. Veg., ist ed., 150 (1841); 2d ed., 162 (1852); Fitch, Am. Journ. Ag. Sc, VI.,
146(1847); Harr., 3d ed. Ind. Inj. Veg., 186(1862); Scudd., Bost. J. N. Hist., VII.. 574 (1862);
Smith, Proc. Portl. Soc. N. Hist., I., 151 (1868); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus.. 813
(1871): Can. Ent., XXXI. (1872); Smith, Rept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 382 (1S72); Glov.. 111. N.
A. Ent. Erth., 5, fig. 1-2, |>l. 12, fig. 19 (1872): Thorn., Rept. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr., V., 183
(1873); Scudd., Hitch. Rept. Geol. N. H., I., 379 (1874); Thorn., Ball. III. Mus. Nat. Hist., I.,
69 (1876): Prov. Nat. Can., VIII., 137 (1876); Faune, Ent. Can., ii, 46 (1877); Bess.. Bienn.
Rept. Iowa Agric. Coll., vii, 210 (1877); Brun., Can, Ent., ix, 145 (1877); Thorn., Rept. Ent.
111., IX., 96 (1880); Brun., Reiit, U. S. Ent. Comm., iii, 61 (1S83); Ril., Stand. Nat. Hist., ii,
192 (1884): Lintn., Rept, Ins. N. Y., ii, 197 (1885); Caulf., Can. Rec. Sc. ii, 401 (18S7): Bol.,
Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI., 264-26; (1887); Caulf., Rept. Ent. Soc. Ont., xviii., 71 (i88S);
Fern., Ann. Rept. Mass. Agric. Coll.. XXV., 130-131 (1888): Dav., Ent. Anier.. V., 81 (i88o):
Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J.. 415 (1890); Blatch., Can. Ent., xxiii, 100 (1891); McNeill, Psyche, vi,
77 (1891); Osb., Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. I., pi. 2, 117 (1892): Brun.. Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc. lii,
28 (1S92): Cock., Trans. Ann. Ent. Soc, XX.. 337(1894); Morse. Psyche, vii. 54, 106. 152-154.
pi. 6, figs. 2-2a-c (1892) Garni.. Orth. Ky., 9 (1892): Bent., Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., vi, 310
(1S94); Ashin., Ins. Life, vii, 20 (1S94); Hanc, Trans. .\n\. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 237, pi. 6, figs,
i-ia, 2-2a. pi. 8, fig. 20. pi. 9, fig. 29 (1896): Ball., Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc, IV., 238 (1897); Brun.,
Ann. Rept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 183 (1897); Blatch., Orth. Ind., 22 (1897); Can. Ent.,
XXX., 64 (1898): Scudd., Appal., viii, 304 (1898): Lugg., Orth. Minn., 108-109, fig. 64 (1898);
Walk., Can. Ent., XXX., 122-123 (1898); Blatch., Gleanings, 236. fig. 62 (1S99); Scudd., Cat.
Orth. U. S., 17 (1900): Fogg., Proc. Mauch. Inst. Arts Sc, I., 45 (1900); Scudd., Psyche, IX,,
loi (1900): Smith, Ins. N. J., 159 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 320 (1901).

TETTIX TRIANGULARIS, SCUDD.

Body diminutive in stature, granulate, brachypterous;
similar to the preceding T. ornatus, but distinguished by the
more or less abbreviated ]ironotal process and wings. This

HANCOCK 8 1

short-wing form and orjiatus interbreed as shown in experi-
ments of the author. It is more common than ornatus in
certain localities in Illinois and Wisconsin, where the numerical
relation between the two forms reaches about fifteen to one.

Distribution, same as preceding, existing together in the
same localities. Morse unites the two forms ornatus and
triangularis, giving the following measurements:

Total length, ^, 8.3-12.5 mm.; pronot., 7.5-10.8 mm.;
pronot., passing post, fem., 0-3.4 mm.; wings rel. to pro-
not., — .5- -|- I mm.; total length, 5, g-13.5 mm. ; pronot., 8-12
mm.; pronot., rel. to post, fem., 0-3.5 nim-; wings rel. to
pronot., — .5- +1.5 mm.

The author collected a number of Tettix ornatus, form triangularis, at Kenilworth, 111.
They were very common on the cement sidewalks bordering a tield near the lake shore (L.
Michigan). This locality was visited several times during the summer, but now nearly all
the specimens are mature, and only rarely an nnuiature siiecimen is observed. It will be
observed that Tettix tnangnlaris lives in helds which are sandy but covered lightly by
vegetable mold, while Tettix gibbosus (the short-wing form being the commonest) lives in
boggy woods much more secluded than triangularis. — September q, 1S9Q.

Tettix ornatus triangiiiaris, Morse. Psyche, vii, 107 (1^94); Blatch., Can. Ent., iii, 64
(1S98).

Tettix triangularis, Sc\xAA..^ost. Journ. Nat. Hist vii, 475 (1.S62) ; Smith, Proc. Portl.
Soc. Nat. Hist., I., 151 I186S); Walk., Cal. Derm. Salt. Brit. Mus., V., 814 (1S71); Smith,
Kept. Conn. Bd. Agric, 1872, 3S3 (1872); Thum., Kept. U. S. Geol, Surv. Terr., 18^ (1873);
Scudd., Hitchc, Kept. Geol. N. H., I., 370 (1S74); Vxo\'. Nat. Can., viii, 137 (1876); Brun.,
Can. Ent., ix. 145 (1877); Lintn.. Kept., In.s. N. Y., ii, 197 (1885): Caulf., Can. Ent. xviii, 212
(18S6); Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi, 265 (1887); Caulf., Kept. Ent. Soc. Ont., .wiii, 71
(1888); Fern., Ann. Rep. Mass. Agric. Coll., XXV., 130-131 (1888); Smith, Cat. Ins. N. J..
415 (1S90); Mowns., Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., ii, 44 (1891); McNeill, Psyche, vi, 77 (1891) ; Dav.,
Proc. Nat. Sc. Assn., Staten IsK, Feb. 14 (:8qi): Brun., Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc, iii, 28 (1893);
Morse, Psyche, vii, 54 (1S94); Bent., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vi, 310 (1894): Brun., Ann.
Kept. Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896, 13S (1897): Lugg., Orth. Minn., 109 (1898); Smith, Ins.N. J.,
159 (1900); Scudd., Inde.x N. .\m. Orth., 320-321-322 (19011.

TETTIX HANCtJCKI, MORSE.

Plate IV., Fig. 4, and appendages.
Plate XL, Figs. 5-53.

Bod}' rather robust, granulate-rugose. Vertex viewed from
above about twice the width of one of the eyes, distinctly
advanced beyond their anterior margin; the front margin of
vertex scarcely obtuse, angulate, or convex; lateral margins
sinuate, on either side of median carina shallowly longitudi-
nally fossulate, deeper between the middle of the eyes; median
carina of vertex strongly distinct anteriorly, projecting as a

82 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

small tooth from the middle of the front margin, on either
side at the junction with the frontal costa a little sulcate, occi-
put naked behind the eyes; crown of head viewed in profile
appreciably elevated above the eyes. Frontal costa in profile
strongly advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes moder-
ately but sharply sinuate, between the antennae protuberant,
nearly as far as the vertex above, at the apical junction with the
median carina of the vertex angulate, rounded at the apex,
viewed in front furcate, the rami quite widely separated, dis-
tinctly diverging to the median ocellus. Eyes very small.
Antennae moderately short, the articles rather elongate. Pro-
notum anteriorly truncate, the antero-dorsal margin sometimes
scarcely angulate, posteriorly extenuate acute, passing beyond
the posterior femora, but not so far as the wings; dorsum
between the shoulders broadly tectiform, humeral angles
strongly distinct, carinate, angulate; median carina of pro-
notum distinctly elevated, percurrent, anteriorly between and
in front of the shoulders longitudinally conipresso-arcuate,
posteriorly scarcely concave; posterior marginal carinae dis-
tinct, between the carinae rugose; lateral lobes of pronotum
posteriorly bisinuate, the superior sinus moderately deep, the
inferior sinus strongly angulate incised, the median lobule
between the two obtuse angulate; the posterior inferior angle
of the lateral lobes obtuse, inferior margin below rounded,
laterally somewhat expanded. Elytra strongly elongate sub-
acuminate towards the apex; wings fully explicate passing
the pronotal apex; margins of first femora entire; the second
femoral margins dilate, below subsinuate, in the male strongly
expanded, being nearly or quite one-half as broad as long,
the first half being distinctly ampliate viewed in either direc-
tion; posterior femora of moderate size, the first article of
posterior tarsi longer than the second and third together,
the pulvilli flat below, the first pulvilli small, acute, the
second little longer than the first, the third nearly as long as
the first and second together.

Locality, Douglas Co., Kansas, 900 feet (Kahl); Athcrton,
Mo. (Adams); Vigo Co., Ind. (Blatchley); Sidney, Man.
(Walker); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Ames, la.

Tettigidaeof North America

Plate

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

SYNNatflG PM0TO-6n*VU(te CO

HANCOCK 83

(Ball); also recorded from Montreal, Prince Arthur, Sudbury,
Toronto, De Grassi, Pt. Ont., N. Red River, Englewood,
S. D., Lincoln, Nebr., and Moline, 111.

A series of forty specimens from the points mentioned is
in the author's collection.

Of this species Morse writes: "Allied to T. oriiatus, from
which it differs in its more robust form with wider and gener-
ally more ]3rojecting vertex, slightly more prominent mid-
carina, in the generally more abruptly forked and wider facial
costa, and notably in the enlarged middle femora; the expanded
portion of the latter in the male is nearly or quite one-half as
broad as long (in ornatus seldom more than one-third), in the
female the difference is less noticeable. The humeral angles
of the pronotum are more pronounced and the mid-carina is a
little more elevated in its anterior portion. Dimorphism in
wing and pronotum length occurs, the specimens (and sexes)
before me (iq $$, 27 $5) being about equally divided between
the two forms, with a few of intermediate character. For the
short-winged form (Plate IV., Figs, i-ia.) the trinominal
T. h. abhrcviatns may be used."

Measurements: Total, /, 8.3-12.4 mm.; 5, 9-13 mm.:
pronot., ,^, 8.2-1 1 mm.; 5, 8-12 mm.; post, fem., $, 5-5-5
mm.; 5, 5.5-6 mm. Width of shoulders, $, 2.6-5 mm-;
5, 2.8-3.5 mm.; antennae, 3-3.5 mm.

In long-winged examples the pronotum and wings pass the
posterior femora from three to four millimeters.

Tettix hancocki, Morse, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VII., 200,
201 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901).

TETTIX CRASSUS, MORSE.

A variable and ver)' perplexing form of the ornatus group,
closely related to, and seemingly intermediate between, typical
ornatus, hancocki, and acadicus. It is distinguished from
ornatus by the more robust form with wider shoulders, wider
and more projecting vertex, and less prominent eyes; it lacks
the enlarged middle femora of liancocki, which it otherwise

84 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

resembles closely; the form of the body is shorter and more
depressed, the humeral angles more jjronounced, the vertex
less projecting, and the tegminal sinus less frequently shallow
than in typical acadicus (Morse).

Locality, Colorado, Denver, Poudre River.

Tettix crassus, Morse, J. N. Y. Ent. Soc, VII., 201
(1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (igoo); Scudd., Index
N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901).

Types of this species were examined by the author.

ARENOSUS GROUP.

In the form gibbosus is centered a most curious evolution
of structures which have involved the arenosiis group in obscu-
rity. These changes consist of certain modifications of the
pronotum, presenting a more or less abbreviation of that struc-
ture, with the wings coincident with general broadening, more
flattening, or even depressed, condition of the dorsum between
the shoulders and posteriorly between the carinas. Anteriorly
before the shoulders there appears more decided constriction,
elevating this part of the dorsum into a gibbose eminence;
the median carina of the pronotum being low, indistinct, and
often formed into slight undulations posteriorly behind the
gibbose elevation; this latter condition more particularly
characterizes the variety fiuctuosus. Correlative with these
modifications is the more projecting character of the frontal
facial costa and its more or less distinctly sinuate profile.
Leaving these types of variation, it is found on the other hand
there is a disposition to greater simplification of structural
changes in another direction, especially as regards the pro-
notal structures, causing the forms to approach in certain
respects the ornatits group. There is less tendency to the
gibbose type, with the substituting of a simple and more
even elevation of the dorsum between and before the shoul-
ders. A series of several hundred specimens arranged before
the author suggests these remarks, showing these variations
in different stages, which, if taken singly, are not sufficiently
differentiated to allow of taxonomic expression. It is in these

HANCOCK 85

forms an inviting field is o])en for the study of more definite
quantitative variation. Summing up the tendency of evolu-
tion from the material on hand, it appears that when we pass
from the south to the north, the long, extenuate form given
to the body is gradually through adaptive changes given way
to slightly more robustness of stature and abbreviation.
Examples remain of both types in the north, but the ancestral
forms with long wings seem numerically to be much less
represented and to tend to extinction.

TETTIX ARENOSUS, BURM.

Plate IV., Figs. s-gb.
Plate III., Fig. 3.

Body moderatel)' slender, rugose-granulate. Verte.x viewed
from above about twice the width of one of the eyes, depressed
anteriorly, advanced scarcely beyond the anterior margin of
the eyes, the front margin subtruncate or scarcely convex,
rounding laterally into the sides, lateral margins subparallel,
on either side of the median carina longitudinally fossulate,
scarcely deeper between the middle of the eyes; median carina
of vertex indistinct, barely projecting as a minute tooth at the
middle of the front border, occiput behind the eyes naked,
crown of head in profile not quite so elevated as the eyes.
Frontal costa in profile advanced beyond the eyes equal to
about one-sixth the diameter of one of them, lightly sinuate
between the lower portion of the eyes, very little protuberant
between the antennje, at the junction with the median carina
of the vertex projecting as a small, angulate prominence before
the eyes with apex a little rounded, viewed in front the frontal
costa narrowly furcate, the rami parallel, very closely approxi-
mate. Eyes moderately large, in dorsal view especially promi-
nent. Antennae appreciably slender, articles strongly elongate.
Pronotum anteriorly strictly truncate, in front of the shoulders
rather strongly constricted, posteriorly long extenuate acute,
process strongly passing the posterior femora, but not extended
so far as the wings; dorsum between the shoulders trans-
versely flattened, scarcely convex, rather narrow, between the

86 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

carinjE posteriorly distinctly flattened, humeral angles moder-
ately prominent; median carina of pronotum indistinct, appear-
ing as a thin line, in profile not at all elevated or barely irregu-
larly undulate, anteriorly before the shoulders a little elevated
over the dorsal constriction, posteriorly scarcely concave;
lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the
superior lateral sinus distinct, the inferior sinus moderately
deep and angularly incised, the median lobule between the
two obtuse; posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobes
rounded below, the inferior margin scarcely distended later-
ally; scapular area narrow, little widened posteriorly. Elytra
moderately elongate, apex subrounded; wings fully devel-
oped, passing the pronotal process from one-third to three-
fourths of a millimeter. Femoral margins frequently dentate,
the anterior femora sometimes indistinctly sinuate or lobed at
the outer third below; margins of middle femora a little com-
pressed, below at the first fourth and outer third a little lobate;
posterior femora moderately slender, first article of posterior
tarsi a little longer than the second and third together, the
first and second pulvilli together a little longer than the third,
the apices of the first and second subspiculate, the third
pulvilli nearly flat below.

Length body, 5, 14 mm.; pronot., 12. 3-12. 6 mm.; post,
fern., 5.3-5.7 mm.; ^ body, 1 1. 1-12. i mm.; pronot., 9.8-10.8
mm.; post, fern., 4.3-4.8 mm.

The pronotum passes the post, femora in the female from
three to five millimeters; in the male from three to four milli-
meters.

Bolivar gives the following dimensions: Length body (J, 5,
6.5-10 mm.; pronot., 10-12 mm.; post, fem., 4.5-6.5 mm.

Locality, southern United States. Opelousas, La. (G. R.
Pilate); Paige, Tex. (Fickiessen); also recorded from S. C,
Fla., Ga., 111., Nebr., hid.. Miss.. Iowa.

Tettix arenosus, Burm. (Tettrix) Handb. Ent., ii, 639
(1838); Walk., Cat. Derm. Salt., Brit. Mus., v, 813 (1871);
Scudd., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX., 90 (1877);
Scudd., Ent. Notes, VI., 31 (1878); Brun., Kept. U. S. Ent.
Comm., iii, 61 (1883); Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., 269

HANCOCK 87

(1887); McNeil, Psyche, VI., 77(1891); Brun., Publ., Nebr.
Acad. Sc, iii, 28 (,1893); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXVI., 219,
220 (1894); Ashmead, Ins. Life, VIII., 26 (1894); Blatchl.,
Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16
(1900); Scudd., Index N. Ainer. Orth., 317 (1901).

TETTIX OBSCURUS, HANC.

Plate v., Figs. i-2a.
Figure on title page.

Allied to arcnosus, body more robust. Vertex viewed from
above fully twice the width of one of the eyes, little depressed
anteriorly, advanced a little beyond the anterior margin of the
eyes, the front margin subtruncate or scarcel}' convex, later-
ally angularly curved into sides, lateral margins subparallel,
on either side of median carina longitudinal!)- shallowly fossu-
late; median carina of vertex barel}' distinct anteriorly, pro-
jecting very little or scarcely at all from the middle of the
anterior border, occiput behind the eyes naked, crown of head
in profile nearly or about level with the superior margin of the
eyes. Frontal costa in profile advanced beyond the eyes equal
to about one-fourth the diameter of one of them, distinctly
sinuate between the lower portion of the eyes, between the
antennae convexly protuberant; at the junction of the frontal
costa with the median carina of vertex projecting before the
eyes in the form of a small angulate eminence, the apex
obtuse; viewed in front the frontal costa moderately fur-
cate, the rami very gradually diverging or subparallel towards
the median ocellus. Eyes a little prominent, of medium size.
Antennre slender. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, strongly con-
stricted before the shoulders, posteriorly long subulate acute,
process passing the posterior femora, not extended so far as
the wings; dorsum between the shoulders moderately broad,
transversely flattened, subconvex, humeral angles strongly
prominent, posteriorly between the carinae distinctly flattened;
median carina of pronotum not distinct, in profile nearly hori-
zontal, interrupted and frequently presenting very small undu-
lations, anteriorly a little higher over the constricted portion

88 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

of the pronotum, posteriorly scarcely broadly concave; lateral
lobes of pronotum posteriorly strongly bisinuate, the superior
lateral sinus distinct, the inferior sinus moderately deep,
obtuse angulate incised, the posterior inferior angle of lateral
lobes rounded, laterally distinctly dilate; scapular area of
moderate height. Elytra distinctly elongate, apex subrounded;
wings fully developed, passing the pronotal process from one-
third to one millimeter. Inferior margin of anterior femora
often dentate-sinuate or may be sublobate at the outer third;
margins of middle femora distinctly compressed, dentate-sinu-
ate, below frequently sinuate-sublobate; posterior femora
moderately large, the f^rst and second pulvilli subspiculate,
together about as long or a little longer than the third.

Length body, $, I3-I3-9 mm- pronot., 11.5-13 mm.;
post, fem., 5.5 mm.; $, body, 11-11.7 mm.; pronot., 9.9-1 1
mm.; post, fem., 4- 5-5-2 mm.

Tettix obscurus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii,
239, pi. 7, Figs. 9, 9a, 10, loa, pi. 9; figs. 23, 25 (1896);
Lugger, Orth. Minn., 109 (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S.,
17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 320 (1901).

Tettix inflatus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii, 238,
pi. 7, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 26 (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S.,
17 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 319 (1901)-

Tettix angustus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii,
238, pi. 6, figs. 4, 4a; pi. 9. fig- 24(1896); Scudd.. Cat. Orth.
U. S., 16(1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901.)

Allied to arenostis, from which it may be distinguished by
the slightly larger form, with vertex less depressed anteriorly,
the frontal costa in profile more projecting beyond the eyes,
the distance being equal to about one-fourth the diameter of
one of them— in ^aremmis it is nearer one-sixth— the sinuation
more distinct between the lower portion of the eyes; viewed
in front the facial costa is more appreciably furcate; the eyes
not so prominent; the pronotum, while subulate, not so long
extenuate posteriorly; the elytra more elongate.

Locality, Atherton, Mo. (Adams); Kansas City, Mo.
(Adams); Ames, Iowa (Ball); Vigo Co., Ind. (Blatchley);
Montello, Wis., L. Puckaway (Hancock); Riverside, 111.

HANCOCK S9

(Hancock); Cassopolis, Mich. (Hancock): St. Anthony Park,
Minn. (Lugger); Pulaski Co., 111. (Gaulti; Douglas Co., Kan-
sas (Kahl); Lawrence, Kansas (Kahl); Richmond, 111. (Han-
cock); Winnetka, 111. (Hancockj; DeGrassi Pt., Ont. (Walker);
Bloomington, 111. (C. C. Adams and M. J. Elrod).

Tettix angustus, Hanc, is a variety- which merges into
arowsus on the one side and obscnrus on the other. It was
described from Illinois.

TETTIX GIBBOSUS, H.\NC.

Plate v., Figs. 3-5a.
Plate III., Fig. 6.

Allied io obscnrus ; exceedingly variable; body moderately
robust, somewhat flattened, rugose, granulate; vertex similar
excepting that the median carina viewed from above projects
a little more from the middle of the front border and more
appreciably sulcate on either side. In profile the facial costa is
advanced before the eyes and strongly sinuate opposite the
lower portion of the eyes, between the antennae distinctly
protuberant, viewed in front the rami quite widely separated.
Pronotum truncate anteriorly, strongly constricted before the
shoulders, in profile forming a small arcuate-gibbose eleva-
tion; the dorsum immediately behind the gibbosity between
the shoulder more or less distinctly depresso-sinuate, posteri-
orly the dorsum between the carinae flattened, rugose, the
median carina indistinctly sinuate, nearly horizonal; dorsum
between the shoulders quite broad, humeral angles distinct,
carinate, projecting laterally over the elytra, posteriorly the
horizontal process more or less abbreviated, the extreme apex
more often straight but sometimes curved downwards, fre-
quently passing the wings or not extended quite as far;
scapular area quite high posteriorly.

Length body, 5, 11 mm.; pronot., 10 mm.; post, fem.,
5.1-5.8 mm.; ^, body 7.5-10 mm.; pronot., 7-10 mm.; post,
fem., 5-5.5 mm.

Locality, Riverside, Winnetka, Richmond, in Illinois
(Hancock); Pulaski Co., 111. (Gault); Ames, la. (Ball); Vigo

90 TETTIGID.^. OF NORTH AMERICA

Co., Ind. (Blatchley); Montello, L. Puckaway, Wis. (Han-
cock); Lawrence, Kan. (Kahl); Atherton, Mo., and Kansas
City. Mo. (Adams); St. Anthony Park, Minn. fLugger);
Toronto, Can. (Walker).

Tettix gibbosus, Hanc, Trans. Am. P>nt. Soc, xxiii,

239, 240, pi. 6, figs. 5, 5a (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S.,
16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318 (1901).

Tettix fluctuosus, Hanc, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxiii.,

240, pi. 7, figs. 6, 6a (1896); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16
(1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318 (1901).

Tettix decoratus, Hanc, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc, xxiii,
240, 241, pi. 7, figs. 7, 7a; pi. 9, fig. 31 (1896); Scudd., Cat.
Orth. U. S., 16 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 318
(1901).

Tettix fluctuosus, Hanc, and Tettix dtcoratus, Hanc,
(Plate v., Figs. 6, 6a) are varieties of gibbosus, and are not
sufficiently constant to give them specific rank,

HABITS.

Heavy rain August 23d drenched the country (3,65 inches was the fall in Chicago).
The rain had the effect of driving the Tettigids away from the immediate margin of the
river to open woods just beyond, to the east of this point at Riverside. The author on
hands and knees searched the grounds. One male Tettigidea p. pennata and two long-
winged Tettix coming under the form oi ftitctiiosits var.. the other (?(5j£-z^r/cj- were found.
Males of gibbosus in large series were taken. The variety of coloring, as usual, was most
interesting. One specimen of Tetdx nearly full grown had the upper surface of dorsum
and lobes grayish white. It was found on the ground among dried bleached vegetation of
the same general color; the legs were reddish. Another specimen Tettix gibbosus, marked
very much like the preceding, was brighter. Two specimens nearly full grown were gray
on the dorsum, and with obscure black spots and an oblique pure white spot on each side.—
Riverside, III., August 25, 1S95.

The rank growth of grass and wild rice with other vegetation at the margin of the
river seems to drive the Tettigids into the timbered soil back from the river to a distance of
one hundred feet or more. This does not apply to Paraiettix, but especially to Tettix. At
the roots of large oak trees where the soil was interspersed with fine gravel, a number of
Tettix gibbosus v/eie found. — Riverside, 111.. August iS, i8g6.

At Winnetka, 111., the author caught over a hundred Tettix in an effort to discover the
variations possible in a given species. Some streets running north and south were little
used, and on the east side the ground between the sidewalk and street was the strip furnish-
ing the material above mentioned. I discovered that the Tettigids could easily be fright-
ened from the ground onto the walks, where they were slightly more conspicuous, and more
easily caught. Most of them were taken in this way. The sidewalks skirt the dense woods
here, which in the spring are swampy. Recent drainage (within four years) has caused many
of the wet places to disappear, destroying at the same time many haunts of animal life.
Among the Tettigidse I found Tettix gibbosus, a woods-loving species, most common. The
soil is light clay covered with weeds, mosses, lichens, and the other usual flora common to
damiJ situations. The genus Tettigidea was also re|)re5ented. One of the interesting points
brought out was the variety of coloring presented by Tettix gibbosus, which is herewith
appended:

HANCOCK 91

1. Individuals with white banner spot on disc of pronotum. Body gray. Scarcely per-
ceptible traces of black spots, two behind and two in front of the white pronotal marking on
the disc.

2. There were some otherwise gray, with the exception of the outer half, or third, of the
posterior femora yellow, the pronotum having faint dark spots behind the disc, the pronotal
process yellow.

3. Rarely one with body grayish and at the middle of the outer side of the posterior
femora with a longitudinal line of white not extending so far as the knee.

4. Rarely one with body blackish, above clearly speckled with white; the femora also
marked above in the same way.

5. Similar to the above e.xcepting on each side the lower margin of the pronotal lobes
edged with yellow. (One specimen in 100.)

6. Body gray with four black spots, two in front almost obsolete and two behind the
dorsal disc, conspicuous, triangular in form. (Common.)

7. Body similar to the preceding except that there are no black spots in front of the
disc, and having a white spot (sometimes raised into a little eminence) scarcely in front of
the black spots, posteriorly on the disc of the pronotum.

g In a damp woods near Diamond Lake, Cassopolis, Michigan, where the fallen trees
had rotted away, leaving the richest of black muck, I found a number of Tettix. all adult.
There were long and short-winged forms of Tettix obscurus and gil'bosus.—]vinti 9, 1900.

TETTIX BLATCHLEYI, SP. N.

Allieci to gibhosiis; body rugose-granulose or subtubercu-
lose. Vertex nearly twice the width of one of the eyes, h'ghtly
depressed, median carina feebly developed anteriorly, little
projecting, on either side little longitudinally fossulate, the
front border slightly convex or subtruncate, barely advanced
beyond or about as far as the eyes. Frontal costa in profile
distinctly advanced beyond the eyes, strongly sinuate, oppo-
site the eyes angularly excavate, between the antenn.'e dis-
tinctly protuberant, viewed in front rather narrowly sulcate,
subparallel or hardly diverging. Antennse slender. Eyes in
dorsal view elyjitic, the breadth contained one and two-thirds
in the length. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subu-
late, passing the posterior femora; dorsum rugose, before the
shoulders strongly constricted, behind the shoulders distinctly
compresso-narrowed, humeral angles distinct, laterally little
produced, between the shoulders moderately broad, depressed,
posteriorly depressed; median carina indistinct, barely ele-
vated, in front of the shoulders lightly gibbose, posteriorly
little interrupted rugose; lateral carina before the shoulders
compressed, behind the shoulders sinuate-compressed, posteri-
orly on the process distinct; scapular area narrowed anteriorly,
distinctly higher posteriori}^; the posterior elytral sinus of
lateral lobes moderately deep, the inferior sinus deeply angu-

92 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

hilly iiici-scd; posterior angle obtuse rounded below, inferior
margin dilated. Elytra oval, punctate; wings not quite reaching
or little passing the pronotal process. Anterior femora nearly
entire, carinate above, below bearing trace of lobe at the outer
third part; middle femora dentate, lightly sinuate, below at
the outer third part sometimes bearing a minute lo'.e; pos-
terior femora with the external pagina strongly rugose, pos-
sessing oblique ridges, tibi.x' annulate with fuscous, first article
of posterior tarsi longer than the third, the first pulvilli
small, acute, the second and third longer and equal in length,
the tibije lightly armed with spines.

Length body, 5, 10. 3-1 1.5 mm.; pronot., 9.5-10.7 mm.;
post, fern., 5-5.3 mm.

Locality, Ormond, Florida, April 9, 1899 (Blatchleyj;
Hancock, two females.

Belonging to the arcnosiis series, distinguished by the
slightly more rugose pronotum, more decidedly compressed
lateral carinse, and'the compresso-narrowing behind the shoul-
ders of the dorsum.

GEN. NEOTETTIX, hanx.

Body small, granulate, rugose-scabrous. Vertex wider than
one of the eyes, the front margin convex or rounded; median
carina prominent anteriorly, on either side between the eyes
scarcely fossulate; viewed in profile the vertex rounded, a
little advanced before the eyes. Frontal costa convex, viewed
in front strongly furcate. Antenn.ne rather stout, short, composed
of twelve or, rarely, thirteen articles. Pronotum anteriorly
truncate or antero-dorsal margin scarcely angulate, advanced
over the head to the eyes, humeral angles strongly obtuse,
between the shoulders tectiform or convexo-tectiform; median
carina of pronotum distinct, elevated between the shoulders;
the posterior inferior angle of the lateral lobe obtuse; the
inferior lateral sinus quite deeply and angularly incised,
superior sinus shallow, median lobule between the two convex.
Femoral margins entire; the posterior femora ampliate, the first
article of the posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the second

HANCOCK 93

and third together, the pulvilli acute but more or less flat
below.

Neotettix, Hancock, Ent. News, IX.. 138 (1898).

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

1. Frontal carinje of vertex laterally scarcely com-

pressed; width of vertex nearly twice that of one
of the eyes, front border convex; body granulate.

bolivari, Hanc.

2. Vertex equal to about one and two-thirds the width

of one of the eyes, front border rounded, frontal
carina; laterally scarcely at all compressed; body
smaller, granulate-rugose. rotundifrons, Hanc.

2. 2. Vertex but little broader than one of the eyes,

front border scarcely rounded; body arenose.

fcutoratus (Scudd.j, Hanc.

3. Body strongl_y rugose, scabrous; dorsum transversely

convex between the shoulders. boltcri, Hanc.

NEOTETTIX BdLIVARI, HANC.

Plate VI., Figs. 4-4b.
Appendages Plate XL, F"igs. i-ib.

Body granulate; color variable, very frequently light
fuscous, sometimes marked with two black spots on the pro-
notum or a light spot between the shoulders. Crown widened
posteriorly, mammillate; vertex nearly twice as wide as one
of the eyes, median carina prominent anteriorlv, viewed in
profile elevated a little above the eyes, the vertex viewed
from above scarcely fossulate anteriorly between the eyes on
each side of the median carina; the anterior border of the
vertex convex, composed of very small concave carinae, later-
ally scarcely compressed and rounded into the sides. Frontal
costa viewed in profile produced a little bej-ond the eyes and
imperceptibly joining the median carina of the vertex, form-
ing a rounded contour. P^yes subglobose. Antenna; short,
appreciably stout. Pronotum anteriorh' truncate, the antero-

94 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

dorsal margin frequently subangulate, posteriorly the apical
process presenting a subacute apex, nearly or quite reaching
the end of the posterior knee, the sides substraight; posterior
lateral carinae scarcely prominent; dorsum between the shoul-
ders rather narrow, strongly tectiform, humeral angles widely
rounded; median carina of pronotum percurrent, strongly
elevated, longitudinally convex towards the front; posterior
inferior angle of the lateral lobes obtuse, rounded below; the
inferior lateral sinus quite deep, the superior shallow, the
median lobule between the two widely convex. Elytra elon-
gate subacuminate; wings abbreviated, not reaching quite so
far as the apical process. First and second femoral carinse
entire, the middle femora moderately large; the posterior
femora ampliate, tibial carina; multispinose; first article of the
posterior tarsi longer than the last two united, the apices of
pulvilli acute but somewhat straight below, the first and second
pulvilli short.

Length body, $, 8-8.5 mm.; pronot., 7-8 mm.; post,
fem., 5 mm.; $, 9.10 mm.; pronot., 7.5-8.5 mm.; post, fern.,
5.5-6 mm.

Described from a series of twenty specimens in the author's
collection.

Locality, Opelousas, La., Tifton, Ga. (Pilate); Auburn,
Ala. (Baker); North Carolina (Bolivar).

Tettix femoratus, Scudd., Bolivar Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.,
XXXL, 264 (1887); Neotettix bolivari, Hancock, Ent. News,
IX., 139, 140, pi. 8, figs. 2, 2a-d (1898); Scudder, Cat. Orth.
U. S., 15 (1900) south U. S.; Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth.,
208 (1901).

NEOTETTIX ROTUNDIFRON'S, HANC.

Plate VI., Fig. 5.

Body small, granulate, rugose. Vertex viewed from above
equal to about one and two-thirds the width of one of the
eyes, the front border rounded, advanced about as far as the
anterior margin of the eyes, frontal carinae laterally, between
the anterior portion of the eyes, scarcely at all compressed;

HANCOCK 95

crown manimillate, scarce!)' widened jjosteriorly between the
eyes; median carina of the vertex distinct anteriorly, viewed
in profile elevated a little above the eyes, convex; viewed
from above on either side of the median carina anteriorly
feebly fossulate. Frontal costa in profile a little advanced in
front of the eyes, joining with the median carina of vertex to
form an obtuse-rounded profile, viewed in front strongly fur-
cate, the rami diverging, widest between the antennae. Pro-
notum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly the process terminating
acutely, reaching to or slightly over-reaching apex of posterior
femora; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated,
towards the front slightly arcuate longitudinally; dorsum
transversely tectiform, rather narrow between the shoulders;
humeral angles strongly obtuse, lateral carina; indistinct.
Wings abbreviated, not quite reaching to, or passing a little
be3'ond the apex of posterior pronotal process; elytra small,
rounded apically. Femoral margins entire, posterior femora
strongly ampliate; first and second pulvilli of posterior tarsi
acute, the third pulvilli flat below.

Length body, 9 mm.; pronot., 7.5-S mm.; [)Ost. fem., 5.5
m m .

Locality, Jacksonville, Florida (Holter).

Described from two female examples. Li one specimen
the body is reticulated with fuscous, contrasting with yellowish
white; dimorphism occurs in the wing lengths. This species
is slightly smaller than bolivari, and the vertex as viewed from
above is not so broad.

One specimen in Bolter collection. University of Illinois;
one in author's collection.

Neotettix rotundifrons, Hancock, Ent. News, L\., 139,
pi. S, figs. 3, 3a-d (1S9S); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16
(igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).

NEOTETTIX FEMOR.-XTUS, (SCUDD.) HANC.

Vertex little broader than one of the eyes, barely project-
ing in advance of them; the front scarcely rounded; pronotum
reaching to the tip of the abdomen not including the oviposi-

96 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

tor; median carina very prominent, slightly arched; surface
arenose; elytra small, well rounded, with shallow punctures;
wings not longer than the elytra; hind femora very broad and
stout.

Length body, 9.5 mm.; pronot., 8 mm.; post, fem., 5.2
mm. ; elytra 1.6 mm.

Locality, Maryland.

Tettix femoratus Scudd., Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, ii, 305.

Tettix femoratus Scudd., Thomas, Syn. ^Acrid. of N.
Am. in Rept. U. S. Geol. Survey, 185 (1873).

Neoteitix femoratus Hancock, Ent. News, IX., 139, 140,
141 (1898), Maryland; Scudder, Cat. Orth. U. S., 16(1900),
South and West St.

The type specimen, now lost, was formerly in the collec-
tion of the American Entomological Society, and the species
has not since been recovered, so the author has been informed
by Dr. Scudder.

NEOTETTIX BOLTERI, HANX.

Plate VL, Figs. 6-6b.

Body small, rather robust; strongly rugose scabrous. Ver-
tex nearly twice as wide as one of the eyes, the front border
very slightly convex, advanced about as far as the anterior
border of the eyes; median carina small, obliterated on the
crown behind the middle of the eyes, viewed in profile a little
produced in front of the eyes, subrotundate; crown mammilate,
in profile a little convexo-elevated above the eyes. Frontal
costa distinctly furcate. Pronotum anteriorl)- truncate, posteri-
orly obtuse, not extended backwards so far as the apex of the
posterior femora; median carina of ])ronotum distinct, arcuate
longitudinally, higher between the shoulders; dorsum trans-
versely convex, between the shoulders strongly rugose, with
conspicuous excrescences showing in transverse section or
viewed in front, antehumeral carina; ai)pearing very slightly,
anterior lateral carina; in front, short, slightly compressed.
Elytra elongate, apex subacutely rounded; wings undeveloped.
Middle femora with a row of minute swellings between the

HANCOCK 97

middle carinse, margins entire: posterior femora broad cris-
tate, external pagina provided with strongly diagonal rugose
ridges between the middle carinse; between the superior mar-
gin and the carinae a curved row of subrounded rugose excres-
cences.

Length of body, 5 9 mm.; pronot., -.8 mm.; post, fem.,
5.5 mm.

Locality, Jacksonville, Florida (Bolter).

Described from one specimen now in the University of
Illinois collection.

Neotettix bolteri Hancock, Ent. News, IX., 139, 140,
pi. 8, figs. I, la-e (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 16 (1900);
Scudd.. Index N. Am. Orth., 208 (1901).

MICRONOTU.S GEN. NOV.

Body small, brachypterous. Antennre slender, extremely
filamentous-elongate, consisting of twelve or, rarely, thirteen
articles. Eyes small; behind the eyes a very small portion of
occiput e.xposed. Verte.x in dorsal view wider than one of the
eyes, a little advanced beyond them; median carina anteriorly
distinct; on either side between the eyes the vertex longitudi-
nally shallowly subfossulate. Frontal costa in profile projecting
beyond the e3'es, scarcely sinuato-convex; viewed in front the
branches distinctly separated, moderately diverging. Dorsum
of pronotiun subtectiform; humeral angles prominent; median
and lateral carin;"e of pronotum distinct; the posterior inferior
angle of the lateral lobes obtuse, the inferior lateral sinus
strongly angulate incised, the superior lateral sinus quite deep,
giving prominence to the median lobule. Elytra oval or elypti-
cal; wings abbreviated. Margins of middle femora (female)
more or less sinuate; posterior femora rather stout; first
article of posterior tarsi distincth- longer than the second and
third together.

This genus is closely allied to Tcttix, from which it is
distinguished by the less smaller and more decidedl\- filamen-
tous character of the antennal articles. From Neotettix it is
distinguished by the less rounded vertex (viewed in pro-

98 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

file) and narrower furcation of the frontal costa. The L(enus
JMcrotclti.w with which it also might possibly be con-
founded, has the eyes larger, the vertex narrower, and the
humeral angles of the pronotum reduced in size.

MICRONOTUS QUADRIUN'DULATUS, REDT.

Body small, granulo-scabrous. Antennnj slender, extremely
filamentous, consisting of twelve articles, from the fifth to the
ninth strongly elongate, the last three articles shorter, a little
coiipressed; eyes small. Vertex in dorsal view wider than one
of the eyes, in the middle carinate, on either side between the
eyes somewhat fossulate; the median carina of vertex project-
ing very little from the convexo-truncate front border; the
anterior carin;t of verte.x a little convexo-elevated laterally.
Frontal costa in profile a little advanced beyond the eyes, in
the female equal to about one-fourth the diameter of one of
the eyes, in the male less, scarcely sinuate between the eyes,
moderately convexo-protuberant between the antennas viewed
in front the rami distinctly separated and slightly diverging.
Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly cuneate, apical pro-
cess nearly or about reaching the apex of posterior femora,
the sides substraight; dorsum between the shoulders moder-
ately broad; median carina of pronotum subcompressed
anteriorly before the shoulders, in profile more or less quadri-
midulate in the female, humeral angles obtuse, distinctly cari-
nate, posterior lateral carin;E distinct. Elytra oval or scarcely
elyptical; wings somewhat rudimentary, abbreviated in the
female, still shorter in the male. Margins of anterior femora
entire; inferior margin of second femora distinctly undulate in
the female, or compresso-ampliate in the male; posterior
femora stout; first article of jjosterior tarsi longer than the
two following articles united, the first and second pulvilli
acute, together about as long as the third.

Length body, ,1 4-5 mm.; pronot. 4-5 mm.; post. fem.
3.6 mm.; 5, 6.4 mm; pronot. 6 mm.; post fem., 4 mm.

Locality, Haiti (Crew); St. Vincent; Grenada.

Described from specimens in the author's collection.

HANCOCK 99

Tettix quadriundulatus, ]3runer, v., Wattenwyl and J.
Redtenbacher, Orth., Isl. St. Vincent, Froc. Zool. Soc.
(1892), fig. 10, pi. 16.

Neotettix quadriundulatus Redt., Hancock, Can. Ent.,
xxxii, 25 (1900), Haiti.

Neotetti.x quadriundulatus Hanc, Scudder, Index N.
Am. Orth., Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vi, 20S (1S91).

In 1892 Redtenbacher described the above species as
Tettix qiiadrijiiidiilatus, his specimens coming from the Island
of St. Vincent. Hancock (1900) mentioned the species as oc-
curring on the Island of Haiti, at the same time placing the
species in the genus Neotettix. A more recent critical study
of specimens having the slender, fragile antenna; still intact,
shows that this species cannot be ascribed to any existing
genus, hence the new genus created to receive it.

APOTETTIX GEN. NOV.

Body rather small, rugose-scabrous, minutely tuberculose.
Head somewhat crowded into the pronotum; antenna; stout,
consisting of thirteen articles; ej'es small, globose. Vertex
much wider than one of the eyes or nearly twice the width,
the front border not, or a little, advanced before the eyes, con-
ve.xo-truncate; middle of vertex carinate rather conspicuously
forwards, a little projecting anteriorly, disappearing backwards
between the middle of the eyes; the front border is formed of
little concave carinee, which take their origin on either side
of the mid-carina of the vertex and are elevated and flexed
backwards at the inner side of the anterior half of the eves;
between the anterior half of the eyes, on either side of the
mid-carina fossulate, posteriorly the crown becomes ajijire-
ciably wider between the eyes. Facial costa viewed in front
rather widely sulcate, or moderately narrow, subparallel, in
profile advanced beyond the eyes, between the eyes more or
less slightly concave, between the antenna; convex. Antennjc
inserted a little before and scarcely below the anterior inferior
border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
subulate, passing the knee of the hind femora or abbreviated

loo TF.TTIGin.H OF XORTH AMERICA

with nearly straight sides and acute at the apex; dorsum
between the shoulders convex or obtusely tectiforni; median
carina of pronotuni elevated, more or less abruptly interrui)ted
between the shoulders, distinct posteriorly. Margins of anterior
femora entire; middle femoral margins more or less undulate;
posterior femora stout, tibi.e multispinose; first article of
posterior tarsi longer than the third, the pulvilli to some
extent flat below.

This genus is closelv related to ParaUtlix on the one side
and Tcttix on the other. The short-wing forms miglit easily
be mistaken for Ncotcttix.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

I. Eyes unusually small; vertex equal to twice the width
of one of the eyes in the female; pronotum convex
on the shoulders in both sections, subulate; median
carina distinct behind the shoulders, but not ele-
vated, couvcxus, Morse.

I. A. Median carina of pronotum elevated throughout,
subcristiform anteriorly; apical process and wings
abbreviated. form c. tcctiis. Morse.

I.I. Eyes larger; vertex advanced not quite so far as
the eyes; pronotum between the shoulders broader;
posterior femora stouter; body less scabrous.

currciphalus sp. n.

1. I. A. Apical process of [ironotuni and wings abbrevi-

ated, form i\ brcvipcuiiis new.

2. Fronto-lateral carin.x- of vertex subrectangular, vertex

of female ecjual to about once and a half the breadth
of one of the eyes; pronotal process and wings
fully developed; dorsum minutely tuberculose.

riiiiosus, Scudd,

Tettigidae of North America

Plate'

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

SY'lMflEWB »MOT0-nRiV'JSE CO

HANCOCK loi

APOTETTIX CONVEXUS, MORSE.

Plate VII., Figs. 2-2a.

Antennae stout. Eyes small, globose. Vertex nearly twice
as wide as one of the eyes, truncato-convex, a little advanced;
niid-carina small, little produced. Facial costa rather widely
sulcata, sides subparallel, in profile advanced before the eyes,
smoothly convex opposite the points of insertion of the anten-
nae, slightly concave above them. Pronotum truncate anteri-
orly, subulate behind, granose-scabrous, convex on the
shoulders in both sections; the mid-carina elevated and sub-
compressed anteriorly, slightly depressed and scarcely distinct
on the shoulders, distinct but not elevated behind them.
Wings caudate, passing the hind process. Elytra oblong,
rounded or subacuminate at the tip. Femora rather slender;
mid-femora with both margins gently sinuate; pulvilli of
hind tarsi flat or rounded below, the second and third etjual.

Total length, ,^, 11.7 mm., 5^, 12.5 mm.; pronotum, $,
10.3 mm., .^;', 10- 10. 7 mm. ; post, fem., ^f , 4.6 mm., 2. 5--5-4i'
antenniie, ,^, , 2. mm.

Locality, Ayotia, Mexico (Barrett) Hancock; Jalapa, Mex-
ico (Barrett) Hancock; Mexico Cit)' (Bruner, F. D. Godman).

A pair in Professor Bruner's collection and a female
obtained by Mr. Godman. This is a peculiar species, bearing
considerable resemblance to Pai-atcttix rugosiis, but distin-
guished from it by the wider and somewhat advanced vertex,
the smaller ej'es, stouter antennrc, less robust form, and une.x-
panded middle femora of the male. (Morse.)

Tettix convexus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., ii, 10
(igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 317 (1901).

APOTETTIX TECTUS, MORSE.

Antennae stout, joints very short and broad. Vertex nearly
twice as wide as one of the eyes, a little advanced, truncato-
convex, the mid-carina prominent. Eyes small, globose.
Facial costa rather narrowly sulcate, moderately protuberant,
in profile convex opposite the jioints of insertion of the anten-

102 TF/rriGlD.E OF NORTH AMERICA

n;L-, shallowlv excavate oj;posite the eyes. Pronotuni obtusely
tcctiforni, anterior margin truncate, apex cuneate, not passing
the hind femora; mid-carina elevated, subcristate anteriorly
and sinuate on the shoulders, undulate behind them. Anterior
femora with the margins entire or slightly undulate. Middle
femora stout, the margins slightly sinuate, with three small
lobes above and two below. Posterior femora robust; |jos-
terior tarsi with the pulvilli flat or rounded below.

Total length, ,/, 7.5-8 mm., 5, 8.3 mm.; pronotum, ,?,
6.7-7.4 mm.j post, fern., J, 4.5 mm., 5, 4.8 mm.; antennae,
$, 2.5 mm.

Locality. Ayotla. Mexico (Barrett) Hancock; Mexico City
(Bruner, H. II. Smith 1.

Two males obtained by Mr. H. H. Smith and a female in
Professor l^runer's collection.

This species bears a striking resemblance in profile to Para-
tcttix sinuatns. Morse describes a female which had a mal-
formation of the pronotum in the shape of a convex elevation
running transversely across the middle of the hind process.

Tettix (?) tectus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 11
(igoo): Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth.. 321 (igoi).

APOTETTIX EURYCEPH.ALUS, SP. N.

Plate VII., Figs. 4-4a.

Body moderately small, rugose-granulate, grayish fuscous.
Verte.x about one and two-thirds as wide as one of the eves,
advanced barely beyond their anterior border, viewed in pro-
file rounded or rounded-subangulate, advanced a little beyond
the eyes; median carina of vertex conspicuous, in [profile
arched a little higher than the eyes. Frontal costa very little
depressed before the eyes, between the antenn.Te convex,
viewed in front the rami rather moderately and gradually
divergent. Eyes distinctly globose, rather small. Antennre
short and stout. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
subulate, median carina distinct, elevated before the shoulders,
between the shoulders de[jressed; dorsum rugose-granulate,
between the shoulders transversely scarce! v convex, strongly

HANCOCK 103

rugose; dorsal front margin of pronotum strongly encroached
upon the head to the eyes, humeral angles distinctly carinate,
appreciably angulate, posterior lateral carins; prominent; pos-
terior inferior angles of the lateral lobes obtusely angulate,
the inferior sinus quite deep, the superior sinus shallow.
Elytra quite large, punctate, elli|jtical, obtuse at the apex.
Wings fully explicate. Anterior and middle femora entire;
posterior femora quite stout; first article of posterior tarsi
equal in length to the second and third combined, the first
and second pulvilli acute, the third straight below.

Length of body, /, ij.; mm.; jjronot., 11 mm.; post,
fern., 5.5 mm.

Locality, Paige, Texas (Fickiessen 1.

Distinguished from couvcxus in having stouter posterior
femora, greater breadth across the shoulders, more pronounced
angulato-carinate humeral angles, as well as less scabrous con-
dition of the pronotum.

APOTETTIX BREVIPENNIS, FORM NEW.

Body compact, brachypterous, fusco-variegated. Vertex
nearly twice the breadth of one of the eyes, the subtruncate
anterior border advanced about as far as the anterior margin
of the eyes; mid-carina distinct between the anterior half of
the eyes, and here on each side the vertex is concaved.
Viewed in profile the frontal costa scarcely convex and con-
siderably advanced before the eyes, viewed in front moderately
and evenly furcate. Eyes small, globose. Antenna; stout, a
little compressed. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, broad
between the shoulders, posteriorly abbreviated, sides of the
apical process straight, the apex obtuse; dorsum scarcely
tectiform, rugose-granulate; median carina distinct, i^ercur-
rent, but more prominently elevated in front of the shoulders;
humeral angles distinctly angulate-carinate, posterior lateral
carina prominent. Posterior inferior angle of the lateral
lobes obtuse, the inferior sinus deep, the superior sinus shal-
low. Elytra rather small, granulate punctate; wings barely
reach beyond the apical process and not quite so far as the

io<} ri'.TTIGW.E OF NORTH AMERICA

knee of posterior femora. First and second femoral margins
entire; posterior femora robust; first article of the posterior
tarsi as long as the last two united; all three pulvilli acute.

Locality, Paige, Texas (Fickiessen).

Described from numerous specimens.

Length of body, ':i 8.5 mm.; pronotum, 8 mm.; hind fern.,
5.5 mm.; $, 7.5 mm.; pronotum, 6.7 mm.; post fern., 5 mm.

This species might easily be mistaken for Ncotcttix. It is
probablv the short-winged form of Apotcttix curyccplialus.

.APOTETTIX RUGOSUS (sCUDD.'l, BOL.

Plate VL, Figs. 1^1 a.

Body rugose-scabrous, dark or gravish fuscous variegated.
Vertex wider than one of the eyes in both sexes, front border
truncate advanced almost as far as the anterior border of the
eyes, on either side of the median carina fossulate. F'rontal
costa viewed in profile scarcely sinuate, between the antennje
moderatclv protuberant. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, pos-
teriorly long subulate passing the posterior femora, between
the shoulders transverselv convex, strongly rugose, median
carina vcrv little elevated, interrupted a little in front of the
shoulders, uneven in its course; posterior angle of the lateral
lobes obtuse, inferior margin oblique. Elytra oblong; wings
passing the apical process of pronotum. Middle femora dis-
tinctly undulate; the third pulvilli of posterior tarsi about
ei|ual in length to the first and second together, the first and
second spiculate, the third straight below.

Length of body, y, 15 mm.; pronot., 12.5 mm.; post,
fem., 6.5 mm.; /, bodv 14 mm.; pronot., 12 mm.

Locality, Port Orange, F'la. (Bolter) Hancock; F'ort Reed,
Fla. (Scudder); Mexico (Bolivar); liruner records it from
Nebraska; Ormand, Fla. (Blatchley).

Tettix rugosus, Scudd., l^ost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vii, 476
(1862); Paratettix rugosus, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi,
273, 274 (1887); Brun., Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc. iii., 29 (1893);
Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900); Scudd., hidex N. Am.
Orth., 241 (1901).

HANCOCK 105

The measurement of the male above given was taken from
the tvpe generously loaned by Dr. Scudder.

MEROTETTIX, morse.

Body small relatively compressed, rugose-scabrous. Ver-
tex ecjual in width or slightly less than one of the eves. Frontal
costa narrowly forked, the branches straight and evenly
divergent. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posterior process
with straight sides, acute; dorsum transversely between the
shoulders narrow; humeral angles strongly obtuse; superior
lateral sinus of pronotum shallow.

Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, viii., igg (1899); Hancock
Psyche, 6 Jan. \ 1900).

MEROTETTIX PRISTINUS, MORSE.

Bod\' small, rugose-scabrous. Vertex equal in width to
one of the eyes or slightl}- less, front border somewhat convex,
projecting very little in advance of the eyts, narrowly sulcata
on each side of the median carina at its union with ihe frontal
costa; crown between the eves broadly and shallowly fossulate
on each side of high median ridge, rapidh' widening backwards
from the middle of the eyes. Face in jjrofile ijuite retreating
below antenna;; the frontal costa roundly protuberant, scarcely
sinuate above, rami viewed in front straight, slightly and
evenly divergent. Pronotum scabrous or rugose; disk nearly
flat, slightU' elevated in front of the shoulders, the front mar-
gin truncate; median carina of pronotum distinct throughout,
highest and almost subcristate midwa\' between front margin
and shoulders, undulate behind; lateral carina; distinct, their
anterior portions converging behind; dorsum transversely
between the shoulders narrow, humeral angles strongly obtuse;
posterior process of pronotum with straight sides, acute, the
apex sometimes deflected, about reaching posterior knees;
superior lateral sinus very shallow. Wings two-thirds or three-
fourths as long as the pronotal process, but apparently abortive.
Anterior and middle femora slender, with entire or slightly
sinuate margins; posterior femora onl\- nioderateh- stout.

io6 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

niucli less so than in Ncotcttix. P'irst article of ]josterior tarsi
clistincti\- longer than succeeding ones united, puUilli straight
or rounded below, acutel\- pointed, the third nearl\- as long as
the others combined.

Length of body, ,/, 6.5-7.5 nmi.; ])ronot., 6-7 mm. ; post,
fern., 4.5-5 mm.; y, body, 8-g mm.; pronot., 7.7-9 mm.;
jjost. fern., 6 mm.

Locality, .San Domingo, California ( AL A. Frazen.

The above description somewhat modified from Morse.

A t\pe sijecimeii in the author's collection presented by
Professor Morse.

This species resembles in general appearance Criolcttix
piilliis, ])ol., from the Philippines.

Merotettix pristinus, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vii.,
igg, 200 (1899); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 196 (1901).

0CHET0TP:TTL\, mokse.

Related to and resembling Ncotctti.x, but differing from
that genus in the wider furcation of the facial frontal costa,
which approaches that of the Cladonotina-; in the [jresence of
supernumerar)- carina; between the humeral angles and the
median carina, and in having the humero-apical carina; joined
to the lateral carin;v, leaving no scajnilar area.

Ochetotettix, Morse, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., ii.. 9
(1900).

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

I. Lateral lobes of pronotum with the superior sinus
shallow; wings absent. barrctti, Hanc.

I A. Lateral lobes of pronotum with the superior sinus
of normal size; wings and pronotum fully developed.

vola/is, Morse.

HANCOCK 107

OCHETOTETTIX BARRETTI, MANX.

Plate VII., Figs. 3^33.

Vertex very broad, twice the width of one of the eyes, and
projecting in advance of them, its front margin convex, with
a prominent median tooth, the mid-carina, whose apex is nearly
half the length of one of the eyes in advance of their front
margin; shallowly excavate above on each side of the mid-
carina; the crown elevated, with indications of mammillEe
close to and nearly opposite the middle of the eyes. Eyes of
moderate size, but little protuberant. Face in profile convex,
with a slight emargination at the lower end of the rami of the
facial costa. Antennae very short, inserted just below the
level of the eyes, separated by a space three to four times
greater than the distance between them and the eyes. Facial
costa forking high up, opposite the upper part of the eyes,
the rami of moderate height, smoothly sinuous, convergent
below, forming a deep, concave, broadl\- lanceolate scutellum,
acutely pointed above. Pronotum moderately tectiform, trun-
cate before, cuneate behind, reaching the apex of the hind
femora, the humeral angles ver\' obtuse, sides of hind process
nearly straight; surface granular-tuberculate; mid and lateral
carinje prominent, sharp, the former arched in front of the
shoulders, straight or slightl\- undulate behind. Supernu-
merary carinula; short, distinct, placed just in front of the
humeral angles, parallel to the lateral carina, midway between
them and the mid-carinae. Lateral lobes with the posterior
sinus very shallow, somewhat as in Ncotcttix.

Elytra narrowly lanceolate, rounded at the apex. Wings
absent. Anterior and middle femora short and stout, of the
female two and one-half by one, of the male almost clypeate,
barely two by one, the lower margins lobate; hind femora
stout, genicular and femoral lobes conspicuous.

Total length, t, 7 mm., J, 6.8-8 mm.; pronotum, ^, 6
mm., $, 6.2-7 mm.; post, fem., t. 4 mm., J, 4.4-5 mm.;
antennffi, $, 1.5 mm., $, 2 mm.

Locality, Tizapan, D. F., Mexico (O. W. Barrett), Han-

loS TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

cock; Chilpancingo. Guerrero; Ato\ac in Vera Cruz iH. H.
Smith).

A male from Atoyac and three females from Chil|)ancingo
(Morse).

Neotettix barretti, Hancock, Ent. News, X., 277, Dec.
(1899); Ochetotettix barretti, Morse, 15iol. Cent. Amer.
Orth., ii., 9 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth. 210 (1901)

(JCHETOTETTIX VOL.-iNS, MORSE.

A larger species, with fullv developed wings and pronolum,
readily distinguished from its congener bv having the posterior
sinus of the lateral lobes of the pronotum of normal size; the
surface is more smoothh^ granulate; the shoulders broader,
with more pronounced humeral angles; the elytra larger, long
elliptical, with rounded apex. The femora are of the same
general character, but less stout, especially the intermediate
pair of the male.

Total length, J, 11-11.5 mm., 5, 12-12. 8 mm.; pronotum,
/, 10.5 mm., 2, 11-11.7; post, fern., $, 4.5-4.8 mm., $, 5.5-6
mm.; antennae, $, 2 mm., J, 2-2.5 mni.; pronotum beyond
the post, fcm., 3.5 mm.

Locality, Mexico, Dos Arrovoa, Chil])ancingo. Venta de
Zopilote, Xucumantlan, and Omilteme, all in Guerrero 1,000
to 8,000 feet (II. H. Smith).

Two males and five females (Morse).

Ochetotettix volans, Morse, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., II.,
9 (-igoo); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 210 (1901).

GENUS PARATTETTIX, bol.

Body granulate, scabrous or rugose. Vertex horizontal,
narrower or equally wide or little wider than one of the eyes,
very little narrowed anteriorly, middle carinate, on either
side more or less concave or longitudinally fossulate or canalic-
ulate, posteriorly the longitudinal canaliculations frequently
abruptly ending by a transverse ridge; the truncate front mar-
gin of vertex not at all projecting beyond the eyes. F'rontal
costa between the antenn;t more or less protuberant, declined

HANCOCK 109

towards base, rarely subsinuate. Eyes prominent, sub-
globose. Antennje filiform little longer than the head, com-
posed of fourteen articles, inserted barely before the eyes.
Palpi not dilated, same color as body. Dorsum of pronotum
rather flattened, anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate pass-
ing the apex of femora or abbreviated; median carina low,
little elevated; humeral angles obtuse; lateral lobes posteri-
orly bisinuate, posterior lateral angle turned downwards little
oblicjLiely reflexed, ape.x subrounded. Elytra oval or elon-
gate, punctate; wings full}- explicate or abbreviated.
Anterior femora compressed carinate above, frequently undu-
late, middle femora more or less undulate, sinuate, or sinuato-
lobate below, posterior tibi.ne at apical third portion distinctly
ampliate, spinose, first article of posterior tarsi elongate,
longer than the third, the first and second pulvilli frequently
spiculate, the third straight below, longest.

Paratettix, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXI., 271
(1887); Morse, Psyche, 149, Oct. (1894); Scudder, Guide
Orth., 24 (1897); Hancock, Psyche, Syn. Subf. and Gen. N.
Am. Tettig., 7, Jan. (1900).

The members of this genus are unusually aquatic, the
expanded tibia; acting in a measure as paddles for swimming.

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

I. Body rather broad between the shoulders, smoothly
granulate; vertex equal to one of the eyes or a little
wider.

lA. Middle femora (juite slender, the width contained
about three times in the length, inferior margin
scarcely undulate. cucullatus, Morse.

iB. Middle femora stouter, the width contained about
two and a half times in the length, inferior margin
decidedly undulate. texanits, sp. n.

iC. Apical process of pronotum not passing posterior
femora; body more scabrous; rami of frontal costa
a little more widely separated.

form texanus nanus, new.

1 lo TETTIGID.E OF XORTH AMERICA

2. Dorsum lightly scabrous-granulate; median carina of

jironotum anteriorly a little compresso-elevated;

vertex ecjual to one of the eyes or little narrower;

bod\- not so stout.
2A. Middle femora strongly sinuate-lobate. iiu-xicaiius, Bol.
2H. Pronotal process and wings abbreviated.

form uicxicaiius abortus, new.

3. Posterior femora at outer half of su|)erior margin

dentate, external surface of ])agina with tubercles;
wings fully developed. tnbcrculalus, sp. n.

4. Fronto-lateral carin;e of vertex convex, lateral margins

of crown sinuate; bod\- moderatelv robust; dor-
sum subtectiform; middle femora broad, lightU'
lobatc below.

4A. A[>cx of pronotal process not passing the posterior

femora. iiiorsci, sp. n.

4B. Apex of pronotal process passing the posterior
femora about one millimeter; wings extenuate.

form inorsci cxtiiisns, Morse.

5. Body less robust; vertex not quite so wide, subequal

to one of the eyes or little wider, fronto-lateral

carin?e substraight; middle femora strongly com-

presso-carinate, distinctly lobate below.
5A. A[)ex of |)roiiotal process passing the posterior

femora. form toltccus souorcnsis, new.

5B. Ape.x of pronotal process not passing the jiosterior

femora; elytra narrow. toltciiis, Bol.

5C. Pronotum anteriorly sulco-rugose; body small.

race ari,zo)nis, new.

6. Body strongly robust, scabrous; dorsum between the

shoulders transversely convexo-elevated; pulvilli of
posterior tarsi straight below. robustus, sp. n.

7. Vertex sub(|uadrate, eipial in width to one of the eyes;

pronotum anteriorly coarctate.

Spec. Q\\hM\ frcy-gcssncri, Bol.

8. Margins of middle femora entire or nearly so, rather

stout.
8 A. Vertex wider than one of the eyes; pronotum

HANCOCK 1 1 1

rather flat above, long subulate; median carina
distinct, but low, in front of the shoulders subcom-
pressed and elevated. dunts, Morse.

8B. Pronotum with the shoulders more elevated; median
carina higher, acute, compressed throughout, sub-
cristate in front of the shoulders; posterior process
abbreviated. form sinuatiis, Morse.

PARATETTIX CUCULLATUS, MORSE.

Plate VIII., Figs. 6 and 7.

Body moderately large, depressed, rather smoothly granu-
late. Vertex viewed from above equal to or a little wider
than one of the eyes, not projecting in advance of them, the
front border truncate, middle carinate; the median carina
projecting very feebly from the middle of the front border;
on each side of the median carina the vertex longitudinally
fossulate for about two-thirds the length of the eves. Frontal
costa in profile slightly sinuate, scarcel\- advanced at all
before the eves, moderately protuberant between the antenn.e,
viewed in front the rami moderately separated, ver\- little
divergent. Eyes globose, large and prominent. Antennal
articles distinct. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly
subulate extenuate, nearly horizontal; dorsum between the
shoulders transversely lighth' convex, posteriorh' depressed,
antero-dorsal margin advanced upon the head to the eyes, in
front of the shoulders little constricted, humeral angles
obtuse; median carina of pronotum low, feebly elevated, fre-
quently a little sub-compressed anteriorly before the shoulders;
lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, the posterior
superior or elytral sinus quite shallow, posterior inferior angle
strongly rounded below. Elytra moderately large, elongate,
towards the apex acuminate. Femora appreciably slender;
anterior femora indistinctly sinuate or sublobate near the
outer third below; middle femora slightly subsinuate above,
more distinctly though by no means strongly sinuate below,
first article of posterior tarsi a little longer than the third,
the first and second pulvilli spiculate.

113 TETTJG/D.E OF NORTH AMERICA

Length of body, 5, 15-15. 5 mm.; pronot., 12.5-13.4
mm.; post, fern., 6.8-7 mm.; antenna;, 4.5 mm.; ^, 12.5
mm.; pronot., 10.1-10.3 mm.; pest, fem., 5.5 mm.

Morse gives the following measurements: Total length,
^, II. 13. 5 mm.; pronot., 9. 5-11 mm.; ])ronot., passing fem.,
2.-2.5 mm.; wings passing pronot., .5-1.5 mm. Total length,
5, 13. 5-15. 5 mm.; pronot., ii-i3mm.; pronot passing fem.,
2.5-3 mm.; wings passing pronot., 1-2 mm.

Distribution Northeastern U. S. and Canada.

Locality, Toronto, Ont., and Lampton, Ont. (Walker);
New Haven, Conn. (Morse); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lug-
ger); Bloomington, 111. (C. C. Adams and M. J. Elrod);
Grossdale, Glen EUyn. Riverside, Chicago, and Rivergrove,
in 111. (Hancock); Putnam and Vigo Co., Ind. (Blatch-
ley); What Cheer, la. (Hancock); Kansas (Westcott); Douglas
Co., Lawrence, Burlington, and Garden City, in Kansas
(Kahl); A-therton, Mo. (Adamsj; also recorded from N. J.,
Ky., N. H., Mass.

Abbreviated examples of this species appear to be very
scarce, but one or two having come under the author's obser-
vation. Some examples of this species from Atherton, Mo.,
have the margins of the middle femora entire or very nearly
so.

The color resembles closely the surroundings, often being
mottled russet-red, yellowish gray, or dull black. Numerous
specimens are in the author's collection.

HABITS.

The muddy sliores of Die Skunk River in Iowa affords a favorable liabitat for water-
loving and semi-aquatic insects. On this river, seven miles from What Cheer, the writer
found that the Tettigids were unusually abundant June 29, 1S94. the species mostly
represented being Paratellix cucull.itus. Swarms, many of which were in sexual union,
were frightened up from the immediate margin of the water while the author made excur-
sions along the shore. A diversity ol color existed among this species; many were colored
exactly like the wet varicolored soil. Some had rich russet-red over the whole upper sur-
face of the body, or the visible portions of the individuals were entirely clay-colored, or a
part of the pronotum only was colored in this manner, while still others were almost co.al-
black above. These varieties, to say nothing of many more not mentioned, were in perfect
harmony with the environment. On careful inspection it was interesting to observe with
what accuracy these colors agreed with the tinges of reds, yellows, browns, and grayish
blacks existing here and there as patches in the soil. The extreme caution of these insects
made it difficult to capture them, and as they use their wings perfectly in flight this added to
the ditticultv of taking the species. Keeping close to the water's edge, the author drove them

HANCOCK 113

along with an open umbrella until coming to a little projection of land upon which a large
number had congregated. Finally, upon a sudden rush at the insects they flew up in hun-
dreds, to iind that to return to land was impossible; they fell back into the water. It was
only necessary now to gather the little swimmers in as they made exquisite use of their
dilated paddle-like hind tibi^ in seeking the shore. The aquatic powers of this species
are more perfect than those of any other of our local species. There were a few Fctiix gib-
dosus in association with Paratetiix.

PARATETTIX TEXAXUS, SP. N.

Plate VIII., Figs. 4 and 5.
Plate VI., Figs. 2-2a.

Body rather large. Color variable, sometimes ferruginous
variegated with fuscous, paler above; tibia; light obscurely
infuscate. Vertex equal in width to one of the eves in the
male, in the female a little wider, the front border truncate,
advanced nearly as far as the anterior border of the eyes;
anteriorly the vertex is a little narrowed, the little obtusely
curved antero-lateral carina extend backwards about one third
the length of the eyes, and scarcelv subdivergent; viewed
from above the vertex depressed, median carina appreciably
distinct, scarcely at all projecting in front, on either side
canaliculate longitudinally for about two-thirds the length of
the eyes, where a transverse ridge defines the limit posteri-
orly. Frontal costa in profile scarcely advanced before the
eyes, depressed, not appreciably sinuate before the eyes,
moderately protuberant opposite the antenns, face below sinu-
ate, the distance from the protuberant portion to the anterior
inferior border of the eyes is about equal to half the length of
the eye; viewed in front the rami of frontal costa rather nar-
rowly separated, substraight and but little divergent.
Antennae quite slender. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, pos-
teriorly long extenuate, passing considerably be_vond the jjos-
terior femora, subhorizontal; dorsum rather plainly granulate,
between the shoulders lightly convex, in front of the shoulders
sparingly constricted; median carina of pronotum low, indis-
tinct, sometimes very little compressed anteriorly behind the
front margin; humeral angles carinate, obtuse, the anterior
carina; hardly distinct, short, parallel. Pllytra rather narrow',
acuminate towards the apex; wings long, passing considerably

114 TETTIGID.K OF NORTH AMERICA

bcvoiui the proiiotal a[)ex. Anterior femora with the superior
margin subentire, below feeblv lobate a little beyond the
middle, the margin of lobe minutelv serrate; middle femora
above undulate, the apical half often divided into three more
or less minute undulations, below decidedly undulate, the
portion beyond the middle formed into a small subrounded
lobe with serrate margin; the width of middle femora is con-
tained about two and one-half times in the length in the
female, in the male it is a little less, appearing a little more
ampliate in the latter sex; the superior margin of the posterior
femora provided with obtuse tooth before the small genicular
sjiine just below the knee, external pagina lightly scabrous,
the oblique lines feebly or not appreciably tuberculate; first
article of the posterior tarsi a little longer than the third, the
first and second pulvilli spiculate, sometimes the apices sub-
flattened, the base of the third pulvilli about twice as long
as the second.

Length of body, -l, 14.5-16.5 mm.; pronot., 12-13. S mm.;
post, fern., 6-6.9 mm.; f, body 11. 5-13 mm.: pronot.,
8.9-10.3 mm.; post, fem., 5-5.5 mm.

Locality, Texas (Bolter); Paige, Texas (Fickiesseni Han-
cock; Opelousas, La.; Agr. College, Miss. (Weed) Hancock;
also reported from Georgia and South Carolina.

This species is similar to the preceding with dimensions
nearly the same, but with vertex slightly narrower, margins
of middle femora more decidedlv undulate-lobate, while in
P. cucjillatus there is scarcelv an\- evidence of a lobe, or it may
be suggested bv slight undulate margin. The width of the
femora as compared to the length is less, as shown in the key
to the species. It is quite likely this species passes insensibly
into /'. ciicullatiis on the north. Over one hundred specimens,
mostlv from Texas, furnished the data for the above observa-
tions.

Paratcttix tcxaiius nanus may be applied to the short-
wing form having characters nearly the same, but with abbre-
viated pronotal process and shortening of the wings. There
are sometimes two dark spots on the pronotal disk, the surface
scabrous, the sides of the [jronotum straight posteriorly, with

HANCOCK 115

apex acute; the median carina slightly more distinct through-
out. The middle and posterior femora a])pear a little stouter.

Length of body, J, 10-11.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5-9.7 mm.;
post, fem., 6-7 mm.; 7, body, 8-8.5 '"mn-; pronot., 7. 1-8
mm.; ]jost. fem., 5.5 mm.

Locality, Paige, Texas; Opelousas, La.

Scarcely distinguished from the short-wing form Paratcttix
uicxicanus abortus.

PARATETTl.X MEXICANUS, BOL.

Plate VIIL, Figs. 12 and 13.
Variety Figs, i and 2.

Body not quite as large as tcxaitiis. Grayish or light
yellow clouded or spotted with fuscous, back of shoulders often
with two subtriangular dark spots, anterior and middle tibise
with two bands of fuscous, one near the middle, the other at
the extremity. Some black spots frequentU* arranged in series
along the pronotal carina;. Surface of body granulate-scab-
rous. Vertex equal to one of the eyes or little narrower, the
front border truncate, advanced almost as far as the anterior
border of the eyes, concave anteriorly, median carina scarcely
at all elevated, barely projecting as a minute tooth; on either
side of the median carina of the vertex narrowly canaliculate
longitudinally, abruptly ending by a transverse ridge posteri-
orly; fronto-lateral carinje bent at right angle to the front
margin, extending straight backwards about one-third of the
inner border of the eyes; lateral margins of crown scarcely
sinuate. Frontal costa barely advanced before the eyes, sub-
sinuate, between the antennae scarcely convex, facial profile
lightly sinuate below; viewed in front the rami rather widely
separated, moderately divergent to the median ocellus. Pro-
notum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly subulate, rather sud-
denly narrowed but not long extenuate, apex acute, passing
the knee of posterior femora; dorsum between the shoulders
transversely subflattened, frequently with little short secondary
carinae, posteriorly subdepressed; median carina of pronotum
very little elevated, thin, subcompresso-elevated anteriorly,

1 1 6 TE TTIGID. E OE NOR 77/ A M ERICA

lateral carina distinct, posterior inferior angle of the lateral
lobes strongly rounded below, somewhat obliquely reflexed,
the median lobule posteriorly widely convex, the superior or
posterior elytral sinus shallow. Elytra subacuminate towards
the apex; wings considerably passing the pronotal [jrocess.
Anterior femora a little compressed, inferior margin beyond
the middle a little sublobate with minutely dentate margin;
middle femora com])ressed, undulate above, inferior margin
frequently triundulate, the middle undulation decidedly lobate
with dentate margin; superior margin of posterior femora pro-
vided with a small tooth before the knee and genicular spine,
first article of posterior tarsi a little longer than the third,
first and second pulvilli acutely cuspidate, the first and second
together are about as long as the third, the third being
more straight below.

Length of body, 5, 14 mm.; pronot., 10. 8 mm.; [)ost.
fem., 6 mm.; wings pass pronotal process 2 mm.

Locality, Rio Cocula, Mex. (Barrett) Hancock.

Tettix mexicana Sauss., Rev. et. Mag. Zool. (Orth. Nova
Am.), 400 (1S61); Paratettix mexicanus, Bolivar, Ann. Soc.
Ent. Belg., xxxi., 275 (1887); Paratettix caudatus, Bruner,
Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, iii.. No. 3, 62 (1895).

Distribution, Central America, Mexico, California, and
Arizona, and possibly some of the other Southern states.

This species is also recorded from the following points in
Mexico: Savanito and Sierra Nola (Scudder); Cuernavoca,
Teapa (Smith); Atoyac (Smith, Schumann); San Rafael, Vera
Cruz(Heyde, Bruner, and Smith); San Lorenzo, near Cordova
(M. Trujillo) Morse; from Guatemala (Champion) Morse; from
Nicaragua (Bruner) Costa Rica; Cache, Volcan de Irazu (Rog-
ers) Morse. Bolivar records Paratettix mexicanus from Tex.,
Geo., N. C, and Mex.; Riley mentions it from California.

Paratettix mexicanus, Bol., Riley, N. Am. Faun., vii.,
251 (1893); Brun., Publ. Nebr. Acad. Sc, iii., 29 U893);
Townsend Insect Life, vi., 31 (1893); Brun. Ann. Rept. Bd.
Agric, 1896, 138 (1897); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900);
Morse, Biol. Cent. Ann. Orth.. ii., 12, 13 (1900); Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 241 (1901).

HANCOCK 1 1 7

Several varieties of this species exist presenting slight
differences in the vertex and middle femora together with
abbreviation of wings and pronotal ])rocess. For the form
having the jjronotal process and wings abbreviated the tri-
nominal Paratettix iiicxicanus abortus may be used. Eight
specimens of this form are in the author's collection.

PARATETTIX TUBEKCULATUS, SP. N.

Plate VIII., Fig. 3.

Allied to Paratettix incxicamis, which it resembles nearly
in proportion of body, but distinguished principally by the
tuberculate character of the posterior femora. The anterior
femora little compressed, the inferior margin scarcely lobate
a little beyond the middle; middle femoral margins distinctly
sinuate, su]:)erior margin towards the apex broken into small
undulations, below strongly sinuate-Iobate, near the middle
formed into distinct lobe with substraight or slightly curved
border; posterior femora moderately stout, the apical half of
superior marginal carina serrate, the femoral lobe formed into
a distinct tooth projecting subinwards, two or three oblic[ue
ridges of external pagina a little beyond the middle tumes-
cent, the straight carina below with a prominent tubercle, and
a second appears midway betvyeen it and the apex; as viewed
from above both tubercles projecting plainly from the lateral
surface; at a corresponding distance there is a trace of a
tubercle at the anterior fourth on the straight carina; the pos-
terior tarsal characters are the same as in iiicxicanus.

Length of body, 5, 12.5 mm.; pronot., 9.2 mm.; post,
fem., 5.6 mm.

Locality, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Barrett) Hancock.

PARATETTIX MORSEI EXTENSUS, MORSE.

Plate VIII., Figs. 8 and 9, and face Fig. 16.

Body moderately robust, little rugose; color variable,
grayish or light spotted with fuscous behind the shoulders with
two large dark impressed spots, and four or five spots along

uS TETT/G/D.E OF NORTH AMERICA

the course of metlian carina. Vertex in male and female
appreciably wider than one of the eyes, front margin truncate,
advanced about as far as the eyes, median carina prominent,
a little projecting, on either side longitudinally canaliculate,
the froiilo-lateral carinje prominent, convex, sides of crown
sinuate, ])Osteriorly transversely ridged or submammillate.
F'rontal costa in profile a little advanced before the eyes,
subdcpressed, at the junction with the median carina rounded,
opposite the antenn;e little convex; viewed in front the frontal
costa rather strongly furcate, the rami straight and evenly
divergent. Eyes globose. Pronotum anteriorly truncate,
posteriorly the apical process short, extended beyond the
posterior femora about one millimeter; dorsum between the
shoulders little elevated, transversely subtectiform, median
carina distinct throughout, anteriorly near the front margin
subcompresso-elevated, superior or elytral sinus of lateral
lobes shallow, the posterior inferior angle obtuse. Elytra
elongate acuminate towards ajjex; wings fully developed,
passing pronotal process from two to three millimeters.
Anterior femora little compressed, entire; margins of middle
femora distinctly compressed, entire above, feebly lobate
about the middle of lower margin; posterior femora subampli-
ate, first article of posterior tarsi distinctly longer than the
third, first and second pulvilli acute, the third straight below.

Length of body 5, 14.5 mm.; pronot., 10. 2 mm.; post,
fern., 6 mm.; body ,f, 12 mm.; pronot., 8.8 mm.; post, fern.,
5.1 mm.

Locality, San Bernandina, Cal. (Morse) Hancock.
Recorded from Arizona, and several other points in California.

Morse gives the measurements as follows: Total length,
(J, I 1. 5-13. 5 mm., 9, 12-14. 5 mm.; pronot., ^, 8.7-10 mm.,
5, 8.5-11.5 mm; body, t, 7-9 mm., $, 9-11 mm.; post, fern.,
$, 5-6 mm., $, 5.5-6.5 mm.

Paratettic toltecus extensus, Morse, Jour. N. Y. P^nt. .Soc,
vii., 198 (1899).

Tettigidae of North America

PlATt

J. I. HANCOCK. DEI-

HEAD CHARACTERS

HANCOCK 1 19

PAKATETTIX MORSEI, SP. N.

Plate VIII., Figs. 10 and 11.

The abbreviated form of Paratcttix iiiorsci cxtciisus. Ver-
tex in both sexes distinctU- wider than one of the eyes.
Dorsum little more elevated between the shoulders, trans-
versely subtectiform, acute, anteriorl_y little compressed; pro-
notal process posteriorly not extended so far as the apex of
posterior knee; elytral sinus of lateral lobes shallow. Elytra
moderately narrow; wings undeveloped.

Length of body, J, 10.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5 nun.; post.
fem., 6.2 mm.; ,^, body 9 mm.; pronot., 7 mm.; post, fern.,
5.8 mm.

Locality, California (Morse) Hancock.

PARATETTIX TOLTECUS, BOL.

Plate VIIL, Figs. 14 and 15.

Body small, robust, rugulose, grayish fuscous, thbia annu-
late, dorsum behind the shoulders frequently with two dark,
dejjressed spots. Vertex in the male subecjual or little nar-
rower than one of the eyes, in the female a little wider, front
margin advanced as far as the eyes, truncate, the fronto-
lateral carina straight, median carina conspicuous anteriorly,
a little projecting, on either side longitudinally canaliculate,
viewed in front the rami rather widely separated, evenly
divergent. Eyes globose. Antenna; slender. Pronotum
anteriorly truncate, posteriorly abbreviated, not passing the
posterior femora, sides straight, apex obtuse; dorsum trans-
versely between the shoulders subtectiform acute, rugose,
frequently with minute secondarj' midway carinae, humeral
angles widely obtuse, distinct, lateral carince scarcely com-
pressed; median carina of pronotum distinctly elevated
throughout, little subcristate anteriorly; superior elytral sinus
of lateral lobes shallow, the median lobule scarcely convex,
the posterior inferior angle strongly obtuse, a little roundly
reflected. Elytra narrow, acuminate towards apex; wings
undeveloped. Anterior femora little compressed, superior

120 TETTIGID.S OF NORTH AMERICA

margin entire, inferior margin subsinuate at outer third part;
middle femoral margins strongly compressed, inferior margin
at the middle distinctly lobate; the width of middle femora
contained nearly twice in the length: posterior femora stout,
oblique ridges of external pagina frequently tumescent; first
and second pulvilli of posterior tarsi acute, the third pulvilli
straight below, the first tarsal article little longer than the
third.

Length body, \ (to apex of femora) lo mm.; pronot., 7
mm.: post fem., 6 mm.; ', S mm.; pronot., 6 mm.; post,
fern., 5 mm.

Locality, Cuernavaca, Alex. (Barrett) Hancock; Cocula
Guer'o, Mex. (Barrett) Hancock; Preston, Ariz. (R. E. Kunze);
Baker, Coll., New Mexico, Hancock. Recorded from Cali-
fornia, Nebraska, Nicar., Low. California.

Tettix toltecus, Sauss., Rev. Mag. Zool., 401 (1861);
Paratettix toltecus, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi., 273
(1887'); Riley, N. Am. Fauna, vii., 251 (1893); I^run., Publ.
Neb. Acad. Sc, iii., 29 (1893); Towns., Lis. Life, vi., 31
(1893); Brun., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, iii., pt. 3,
62 (1895); Brun., Ann. Rept. Neb. Bd. Agric, 1896, 138
(1897); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., iS (190OJ; Morse, Biol.
Cent. Am. Orth., ii., ii, 12 (1900).

Race arizoiiHS new. Specimens from Preston, Arizona,
present certain peculiarities, viz.: female light spotted with
fuscous; dorsum moderately elevated between the shoulders,
transversely subtectiform, scabrous; before the shoulders
extending downwards on either side of lateral lobes the pro-
notuni appears inordinately sulco-rugose.

Length of body, female, 9.5 mm., male, 7.5 mm.; [jronot.,
5, 7 mm., $, 6 mm.; post, fem., $, 5.5 mm., t, 4.5 mm.

New Mexican specimens have the surface of body rather
smoothly granulate; the median carina of jjronotum subcom-
presso-elevated throughout, a little more elevated before the
shoulders, between the shoulders transversely tectiform. In
this and the preceding variety there is evidence of small
tubercles projecting laterally from the external pagina of pos-

HANCOCK 121

terior femora of the lower straight carina above the inferior
margin.

Length of bod}', y, 9.5 mm.; pronot., "] .% mm.; post,
fem., 6 mm.

PAKATETTI.\ TOLTECUS SONORENSIS, FORM N.

Body of moderate size, rugose, light grayish or fuscous.
Similar in the character of the vertex to toltccus. The frontal
costa viewed in front scarcely so widely furcate; the dorsum
of pronotum transversely not quite so acute, elevated between
the shoulders, the apical process passing the posterior femora,
though not long extenuate. Wings fully explicate, passing
the pronotal apex iwo and a ijuarter to two and a half milli-
meters; the elytra wider in proportion to length than in toltccus^
strongly acuminate towards a|jex. Middle femora strongly
compressed, below lobate at the middle part, the femora being
nearly as broad as in toltccus.

Length of body, ':^', 13.5 mm.; pronot., g.S mm.; ])ost.
fem., 6 mm.; ,^, body, 11 mm.; i)ronot., 8 mm.; post, fem.,
5 mm.

Locality, Cocula Guerrero, Mex., Soledad. V. C, Mex.,
Jalapa, V. C, La Antigua, Mex., Cordova, Mex. (Barrett)
Hancock.

Undoubtedly the long-wing form of Paratctti.x to/tccifs.
There appears to be several or more varieties. This is evi-
dently not the form described by Professor Morse, as P.
toltccus cxtcnsiis, which is described under P. iiiorsci cxtcnms.

From Pai-atcttix in. cxtcnsus it is distingjished by the
slightly narrower vertex, less robust form of the body, with
slightly less elevation of dorsum between the shoulders.

PARATETTIX ROHUSTUS, SP. N.

Body distinctly robust, rugose. Larger than toltccus,
which it nearest resembles; grayish fuscus with dark spots
back of shoulders. Vertex wider than one of the eyes,
advanced about as far. median carina little prominent anteri-
orly, lightly projecting, front border truncate, transverse.

122 TETTlGIDAi OF NORTH AMERICA

rather lightly fossulate longitudinally on each side of median
carina. Frontal costa in profile appreciably advanced before
the eyes, subdepressed, very little protuberant ojiposite anten-
n.-E, viewed in front strongly furcate, rami straight, evenly
divergent. Pronotum truncate anteriorly, posteriorly abbre-
viated, extended nearly to apex of posterior femoral knees;
dorsum between the shoulders transversely a little convexly
elevated; median carina distinct throughout, subconiprcsscd
anteriorly. Anterior femora below feeblv lobate at outer
third; middle femora rather broad, below lobate little beyond
the middle part; jjosterior femora ambliate, external pagina
rugose scabrous, pulvilli of posterior tarsi straight below, first
article distinctly longer than the third.

Length of body, 5, 10.2 mm.; pronot., g mm.; post,
fern., 6.2 mm.

Locality, Yellowstone Park, Wyo., (Baker) Hancock.

P.^RATETTIX FKEV-GESSXERI, BOL.

Vertex equal in width to one of the eves, not narrowed
anteriorly; frontal costa behind the antenn;e obliquely
depressed, not advanced before the eyes, below the median
ocellus smoothly excised. Pronotum anteriorly truncate more
or less coarctate, posterior angle of lateral lobes with ajiex
narrowly rounded. Elytra oblong, apex widely rounded.
Anterior femoral margin below more or as much undulate as
the superior; the third pulvillus of posterior tarsi shorter than
the first and second together.

Length of body, $ 5, 7-10 mm.; pronot., 9-10.5 mm.;
post, feni., 4.5-6 mm.

Locality, Cuba (Bolivar).

Paratettix frey-gessneri, Bolivar, Ann. .Soc. Ent. Belg.,
xxxi., 282 (1S87); Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth.. 241 (1901).

1>.\RATETTIX nUKUS, .MORSE.

Verte.x truncate, wider than one of the e\"es, transverse,
narrowed anteriorly, mid-carina little produced. Eyes promi-
nent, oblong. Facial costa rather wideU' sulcate, rami evenly

HANCOCK 123

divergent, sometimes subparaiiel, in profile little protuberant.
Pronotum rather fiat above, except anteriorly, scabrous granu-
late, mid-canna subcompressed and elevated anteriorly,
depressed at the shoulders, acute, but not elevated, undulate
or nearly horizontal behind them; hind process subulate, pass-
ing posterior femora about two millimeters infuscate at the
apex. Anterior femora subundulate beneath; middle femora
rather stout, entire, or very slightly undulate above, subsinu-
ate beneath. First joint of posterior tarsi distinctly longer
than the third.

Total length, $, 10-11.5 mm.; pronot., 8.7-9.3 nim.; post,
fern., 4.3-5 mm.; antenna:, 2.5 mm.

Hab., Mexico, Medellin in Vera Cruz (He)de, in coll.
Bruner); Teapa and Frontera in Tabasco (\\. H. .Smith)
Morse.

Paratettix durus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 11,
13 (1900), Mexico; .Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 241
(1901).

FORM PARATETTIX SIN'UATUS, MORSE.

Very similar to the preceding, P. ditrns, but differing from
it in having the mid-carina of the pronotum more elevated
throughout and more sinuate in profile, and the pronotum a
little more elevated on the shoulders. Hind process of the
pronotum abbreviated, cuneate not passing the hind femora,
and of the same length as the wings.

Total length, $, 6.8-7.4 mm., $, 8.4-9 mm.; pronotum,
$, 6.3-6.7 mm., 5, 7.4-7.6 mm.; post, fern., $, 4.4-4.7 mm.,
5, 5 mm.; antennae, $, 2.5 mm., 5, 2.5 mm.

Hab., Mexico, Guanajuanto (Deams, in coll. Bruner, $).
San Rafael, Vera Cruz (Townsend, in coll. Bruner ,^ 5).

Two pairs San Rafael and a $ from Guanjuanto (Morse).

Paratettix sinuatus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 13
(1900); Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 242 (1901).

124 TETT/G/D.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

CLYPEOTETTIX, gen. nov.

Allied to I'aratettix. Vertex .subei|ual to one of the eyes
or scarcely wider, not advanced so far as the eyes. Eyes
subprominent, globose. Head retracted closely under the
pronotum. Pronotum strongly dilated between the distinctly
reflected inferior margins of lateral lobes; the posterior angle
strongly rounded; dorsum between the shoulders transversely
little convexo-tectiform or tumescent. Femora dilated, mar-
gins strongly carinato-clypeate. Type Paratetti.x schocki.
Hoi., herein described.

CLYPEOTETTIX SCHOCKI, BOL.

Plate IX., Eigs. lo and ii.
Plate VIE, Eig. i.

Body granulate. Vertex little narrowed anteriorly, front
border subequal to one of the eyes in the male, or scarcely
wider in female, not advanced so far as the eyes, truncate,
middle carinate, hardly elevated, on either side of median
carina longitudinally canaliculate, the frontal carin.e of vertex
concave; viewed from above only the vertex and eyes appear
visible, the head being more or less retracted under the
anterior margin of the pronotum. Erontal costa depressed
not advanced before the eyes, between the antenn.i; very little
protuberant, sinuate below, viewed in front rather distinctly
furcate, the rami gradually diverging. P^)'es subprominent,
distinctly globose. Antennae filiform, consisting of fourteen
articles. Pronotum anteriorly truncate, posteriorly long,
subulate, the apical process extended beyond the posterior
femora, humeral angles widely obtuse; dorsum between the
shoulders little elevated; median carina of pronotum indis-
tinct, towards the front often undulate, in front of the shoul-
ders frequently subcompresso-elevated; the posterior inferior
margin of lateral lobes widely and obliquely dilato-reflected,
the posterior inferior angle roundly obtuse, the inferior lateral
sinus rather deeply but broadly incised, the superior lateral
sinus very shallow, the middle lobule convex. PLlvtra rather

HANCOCK 125

wide, acuminate towards the apex, surface punctate; wings
extended beyond the pronotal process in the female from two
to three millimeters. Anterior femora compressed, superior
marginal carina cristate, below in front of the anterior half
sublobate; middle femora distinctly clypeate, the inferior
marginal carina towards the extremity subsinuato-lobate or
sometimes dentate; posterior femora compresso-ampliate, the
su|)erior marginal carina arcuato-cristate, near the apex acute-
bilobed, margins of posterior tibiie spined, towards the extrem-
ity distinctly ampliate; first article of posterior tarsi scarcely
longer than the third, the tliird |julvilli about as long as the
first and second combined, flattened below, the first pulvilli
spinose, the second acute. Valves of ovipositor strongly
serrato-dentate.

Length of body, J, i 5-16.2 mm.; pronot., 1 1.3-13. i mm. ;
post, fern., 6.1-7 mm.: ,T, body, 11. 5-13. 9 mm.; pronot.,
9-10.8 mm.; post, fem., 4.9-5.9 mm.; antennae J, 3.4 mm.

Described from numerous specimens in author's collection.

Bolivar gives the following measurement; Body, $ j,
8-10 mm.; pronot., 10-12 mm.; post, fern., 5.5-6 mm.

Morse gives total length, $, 10. 7-13. 5 mm., 5, 14-17. 5
mm.; pronotum, ^, 8.6-1 1 .3 nmi., j, 1 1 .5-1 5 mm; post, fem.,
$, 4.5-6 mm., 5, 6-7.5 nim.; pronotum passing beyond post,
fem., $, 2-2.5 mm., J, 2.5-3.5 mm.; wings passing pronotum,
$, 1-2 mm., 5, 1.5-3 mm.

Locality, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mex., Yantepec Morelos,
Mex., Bolsas Guerrero, Mex., Rio Cocula, Gro. (Barrett)
Hancock; Guatemala and Mexico (Bolivar); Colima, Me.x.
(Scudder) Morse; Chilpancingo, Rincon, and Xucumanatlan,
all in Guerrero, 2,800 to 7,000 feet (Smith); Jalapa (Bruner);
Guatemala (Champion); Nicaragua Chontales (^Janson); Ome-
tepe (Shimek in coll. Bruner) Morse.

Paratettix schocki, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi.,
274 (1887); Brun., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, iii.,
pt. 3, 62 (1895); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 11, 12
(1900); Scudd. , Index N. Am. Orth., 242 (1901).

126 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

VARIATIONS OF CLYPEOTETTIX SCHOCKI, BOL.

Some specimens present a strong lobe on the inferior mar-
ginal carina of the anterior femora. Several examples have
the i^ronotum between the shoulders more tumescent than
usually occurs, and these appear to have the j^art of the pro-
notum before the shoulders, but very little constricted. With
this latter peculiarity is correlated retraction of the head under
the pronotum, the length of the head being extremely short;
moreover the femora are more strongly carinato-clvpeate.
The inferior carina- of the middle femora is scarcely the same
in any two specimens. Again, there is appreciable variation
of the posterior tarsal pulvilli. Some of the above described
examples are undoubtedly subspecific, and show new lines of
departure in the evolution of species and the future trend in
the specialization of parts.

GEN. ALLOTETTIX, hanc.

Body rugose, tuberculose; face oblique, viewed in front
narrow. Vertex little narrowed anteriorly, scarcel\- wider
than one of the eyes, or subequally wide, middle carinate, on
either side lightly canaliculate, occiput naked behind the eyes;
the front border of vertex hardly advanced so far as the eyes,
subtruncate, the frontal carinse elevato-rounded laterally.
Eyes in profile moderately elevated, subconoidal. Frontal
costa narrowly furcate the rami little divergent. Antenn.-e
in profile inserted a little below the anterior inferior border of
the eyes. Pronotum depressed, rather narrow, truncate
anteriorly, strongly prolonged posteriorly (as in Scelimena)
ending in a sharp attenuated apical process; median carina of
pronotum scarcely elevated; humeral angles strongly obtuse,
the superior lateral sinus of lateral lobes quite shallow, the
inferior sinus deepl\- incised, the posterior inferior angle
directed obliquely downwards and scarcely at all outwards,
obtuse. Elytra elongate; wings as long as the process.
Femora slender, margins entire, posterior tibia provided with
few spines (four in the outer row, more or less); the first and
third articles of posterior tarsi about equal in length.

HANCOCK 127

Allotettix, Hancock, Ent. News, 276, X., Dec. (1899);
Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth.. ii.. 12 1 1900).

ALLOTETTIX PERUVLANUS, BOL.

Plate IX., Fig. 5.

Obscure ferrugineous, fusco variegated. Vertex nearly as
wide as one of the eyes, horizontal, towards the front subnar-
rowed, scarcely transversely carinate anteriorly. Frontal costa
between the antennje obliquely depressed, obscurely sinuate.
Pronotum posteriorly long subulate, median carina between
the shoulders sinuate, here being indicated b}- scarcely com-
pressed tubercles; dorsum tuberculate, between the shoulders
presenting" concavities; posterior angle of the lateral lobes
with apex widely rounded. Ehtra oblong, subacuniinate;
wings as long as the process. Femora slender, carina entire,
first article of the posterior tarsi not longer than the third; the
first and second pulvilli together shorter than the third, the
basal pulvilli have acute short spines.

Length of body, ,/ j, 9-13.5 mm.; pronot, 13. 5-14 mm.;
post, fem., 5.5-7 mm.

Paratettix peruvianus, Bolivar, Am. Soc. Ent. Belg. XXX.,
272 (1887); Gigiio-Tos Bull., Mus. Zool. Univ. Tor., xii.,
No. 301, 3 (1897); Morse, Biol. Cent. Amer. Orth., ii., 12
(1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 241 (19011; Allotettix
peruvianus, Hancock, Ent. News, 276, X., Dec. (1899).

Locality, Pumamarco, Peru, Mus. de Varsovia (Bolivar);
Peru (Hancock); Panama, Colon, Rio Cianoti Punta di
Sabana, Darien, Peru (Morse); Darien (Giglio-Tos).

GEN. TELMATETTIX, hanx.

Body more or less slender, granulate, or rugose. Vertex
narrowed anteriorly, the width equal to from about one-half
to nearly the whole of one of the eyes, middle carinate, pro-
jecting very feebly, on either side of median carina narrowly
longitudinally canaliculate, crown strongly longer than the
width; front border of vertex subsinuato-truncate or truncate.

138 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

viewed from above not advanced so far as the eyes or about
as far; frontal carin;e concave, little elevated laterally into
curved fronto-lateral carina:. Frontal costa depressed,
between the eyes barely or not at all advanced before them,
rarely subsinuate, viewed in front narrowly furcate, more or
less compressed. Eyes more or less globose. Antenna; fili-
form consisting of fourteen articles, inserted barely before the
anterior inferior border of the e\'es. Dorsum of pronotuni
smoothly granulate, or sabulose or tuberculose; pronotum
anteriorly truncate, advanced upon the head to the eyes,
posteriorly passing the posterior femora or abbreviated;
median carina low, scarcely or little elevated; humeral angles
obtuse; lateral lobes of pronotum posteriorly bisinuate, the
elytral sinus moderately shallow, posterior inferior angles of
lateral lobes turned downwards, apex subacute or subrounded,
the inferior margin viewed from above scarcely at all laterally
refiexed. Elytra elongate acuminate; wings fully developed,
rarely abbreviated. Femora slender, entire, or rarely the
anterior femora subcompressed and subundulato-lobate below;
posterior tibia; more or less ampliate towards the extremity,
carinjE spinose; first article of posterior tarsi little longer or
subequal to the third, the third pulvilli distinctly the longest,
and flat below, the first and second more or less acute or
rounded below.

Telmatettix, Hancock, Psyche, 7, January (1900).

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

1. Body large, moderately slender; vertex little nar-

rower than one of the eyes; dorsum between the
shoulders little elevated; eyes rather small.

Iiesperus, Morse.

2. Vertex about half as wide as one of the eyes or a little

more; body slender. parvivcrticis, var. n.

3. Body smaller, verte.x in the male little less than half

the width of one of the eyes; facial costa narrowly
compressed. aztccus (Sauss.) Bol.

4. Posterior angle of lateral lobes obtuse, widely rounded

HANCOCK 1 29

below; facial costa moderately compressed; body
slightly stouter. aridiis, sp. n.

5. Anterior femora obscurely undulate, inferior margin

at the middle with little lobe; pronotal process
barely passing the posterior knees; dorsum sub-
gibbose anteriorly. fallax, Bol.

6. Dorsum rugose minutely tuberculose, humeral angles

subdistinct; median carina distinct, subundulate.

mi nut IIS, sp. n.

7. Pronotum posteriorly not passing knees of hind

femora; dorsum lightly rugose-tuberculose.

VI. rugosus form it.

TELMATETTIX HESPERUS, MORSE.

Plate IX., Figs. 8 and g.

Body moderately slender, smoothly granulose, pronotum
anteriorly advanced upon the head to the eyes. Color variable,
rufous, gray, or black, frequently with the posterior femora
and lower third of sides of pronotum pale. Vertex distinctly
narrowed anteriorly, narrower than one of the eyes, the crown
of the head approximately twice as long as the breadth,
(between the fronto-lateral carince in the male); the front
border of vertex subsinuato-truncate, advanced to or very
nearly as far as the anterior border of the eyes, median carina
appreciable anteriorlj', scarcely minutely projecting, on either
side of median carina longitudinally canaliculate. Frontal
costa in profile little obliquely depressed and not advanced
before the eyes, between the antenna; subprotuberant, little
sinuate below, viewed in front narrowly furcate, the rami a
little more widel}' separated below. P^yes rather small, glo-
bose. Pronotum granulose, anteriorly truncate, not con-
stricted before the shoulders, posteriorly extenuate, passing
the posterior femora from two and a half to four millimeters;
dorsum between the shoulders narrow, a little elevated, trans-
versely depresso-convex, humeral angles not at all prominent,
obtuse; median carina indistinctly or very little elevated,
between the shoulders obscure, scarcely compressed before

130 TETTIGID.'E OF NORTH AMERICA

the shoulders, posteriorly nearl\- horizontal; the posterior
margin of lateral lobes strongly bisinuate, the elytral sinus
quite deep, posterior inferior angles obtuse, the inferior lateral
margin viewed from above not dilated. Elytra elongate,
acuminate at apex; wings fully developed, passing the [)ro-
notal process from one to two millimeters. First article of
posterior tarsi slightly longer than the second and third
together, the pulvilli flat below, the first and second small,
acute pointed, together about equal to the third.

Length of body, 5, 14. 9-15. 5 mm.; pronot., 12. 5-13. 2
mm.; post, fem., 6.3-6.6 mm.; $ body, 12. 5-13. 5 mm.;
pronot., 10.9-11.5 mm.; post, fem., 5.6-5.9 mm.

Three males and three females in the author's collection
received from Professor Morse.

Morse gives the total length: t, 12-14 nim., ^, 14-16. 3
mm.; pronotum, .t , 10. 3-1 1.8 mm., J, 12-14. 5 mm.; body,
$, 7.5-9 mm., $, 9-1 I mm.; jjost. fem., ,/, 5-6 mm.. 5, 6-7.5
mm.

Locality, Glendale, Oregon (Morse) Hancock. Reported
from California.

Paratettix hesperus, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vii.,
198 (1899); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 17 (1900); Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 241 (1901).

TEL.M.-\TETTIX PAKVIVERTICIS, VAR. N.

Plate L\., P'igs. 3 and 4.

Dark fuscous varying to pale ferrugineous. Body slender,
smoothly granulose. Vertex strongly narrowed anteriorly,
between the antero-lateral carina; the breadth about equal to
one-half or a little more than half of one of the eyes, the
crown being about two and one-quarter to two and a half times
longer than the breadth; front border of vertex sinuato-trun-
cate, not advanced quite so far as the eyes, median carina
thin, minutely projecting, on either side of median carina
narrowly longitudinally canaliculate. Frontal costa in profile
depresso-subconvex, scarcely advanced beyond the eyes,
viewed in front narrowly furcate, the rami closely approxi-

HANCOCK 131

mate, feebly wider below. Eyes prominent, globose. Pro-
notum smooth granulose, anteriorly truncate, sulci nearly
obliterated before the shoulders, posteriorly little extenuate,
acute, passing the posterior femora about one to one and a
half millimeters; dorsum between the shoulders narrow,
scarcely elevated, transversely' little convex, humeral angles
widely obtuse, not at all prominent; median carina very thin
throughout, not perceptibly elevated, posteriorly nearly hori-
zontal; posterior angle of lateral lobes of pronotum subacute,
little rounded below, the inferior margin viewed from above
not dilated. Elytra elongate, acuminate towards the apex;
wings fully developed, passing the posterior femora from one
and a half to two millimeters. Femora slender, entire; first
article of posterior tarsi little longer than the third, the first
and second pulvilli acute, together their length not quite equal
to the third.

Length of body, $, 12. 9-14. 5 mm., pronot.. 10-11.9 mm.;
post, fem., 5.1-6 mm.; $, body, 11.5 mm.; pronot., 9 mm.;
post, fem., 4.9 mm.

Locality, Balsas and Cocula, in Guerrero, Mex. (Barrett)
Hancock. Described from six specimens.

TELMATETTIX AZTECUS (SAUSS.), BOL.

Plate IX., Figs, i and 2.

Body slender, sabulose-granulose. Color, blackish or
fusco-cinereous, frequently the inferior lateral margins of the
pronotum yellow. Vertex strongly narrowed anteriorl)',
equal to about one-half the breadth of one of the eyes (little
more in female, little less in male], breadth of the crown
between the antero-lateral carina; contained two and a quarter
to three times in the length, front border subsinuato-truncate,
not advanced quite so far as the front margin of the eyes,
median carina subdistinct, on either side narrowly longitudi-
nally canaliculate. Frontal costa obtusely depressed, barely
advanced before the eyes, viewed in front strongly narrowed,
compressed, very feebly wider below. Eyes moderately
prominent, globose. Pronotum sabulose-granulose, anteriorly

133 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

truncate, not at all constricted before the shoulders, posteri-
orly subulate, acute, passing the posterior femora; between
the shoulders narrow, scarcely elevated, transversely convex,
humeral angles widely obtuse, not at nil prominent; median
carina low, indistinct, between the shoulders obscure; the
posterior inferior angle of lateral lobes of pronotum acute,
scarcely rounded below, viewed from above the inferior mar-
gin not at all laterally expanded. Elytra elongate, acuminate
towards apex; wings fully developed, passing pronotal process
about one and a half millimeters. Femora slender, entire;
first article of posterior tarsi longer than the third, the third
pulvilli as long as the first and second together, flat below.

Length of body, $, 12.1 mm.; pronot., 9.8 mm.; post.
fem., 5 mm.; /, body, 10.2 mm.; pronot., 8-9. 1 mm.; post.
fern., 4.3-4.4 mm.

Morse gives total length: ,^, 7.5-13.3 mm., 5, 9.3-13.5
mm.; [jronotum, ,/, 5.6-8.7 mm., y, 8-1 i mm.; post, fem., /,
3.7-4.5 mm., ^i, 4.5-6 mm.; antenna;, J, 3 mm., ■:,_, 3 mm.;
pronotum passing posterior femora, ,/, 0-2 mm., 9, 0.5-2
mm.; wings passing beyond pronotal ]jrocess, f. 0.8-1.8 mm.,
5, 0.3-1.7 mm.

Bolivar mentions the length, body, ,t, 5, 7 mm; pronot.,
10-12 mm.; post fem., 6 mm.

Locality, Cordova, Vera Cruz, Me.x., Cocula, in Guerrero,
Mex. (Barrett) Hancock. Rejiorted from northern Sonora
(Morrison); Villa Lerdo, Durango (Hoge); Tepic Orizaba
(Bruner); Acapulco, Atoyac, Teapa (Smith); San Lorenzo,
near Cordova (Truzillo); Antilles, Cuba (Morse); Yantepec,
Morelos (Rehn). In North America, Arizona, and California.

Tettix aztecus (Sauss.), Rev. Mag. Zool., 1861, 400 (1861);
Orth. Nova Am., ii., 31 (1861); Paratettix aztecus (Sauss.)
Bol. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., xxxi., 282, 283 (1887); Morse,
Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 12, 14 (1900); Scudder, Lidex N.
Am. Orth., 241 (1901); Telmatettix aztecus (Sauss.) Rehn,
Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxvii., June (1901).

HANCOCK 133

TELMATETTIX ARIDUS, SP. N.

Plate VI., Figs. 3-33.

Similar to Tclinatcttix a::tccits, distinguished by the
slightly stouter body with the humeral angles a little more
prominent; transversely between the shoulders less convex;
the posterior angle of lateral lobes of pronotum more widely
rounded below; viewed in front the facial costa not so nar-
rowed and less compressed. Color cinereous.

Length of body, 5, 12 mm.; pronot., 10 mm.; post,
fem., 5.5 mm.; ,^, body, 10.2 mm.; pronot., 8.5 mm.; post,
fern., 4.5 mm.

Locality, Palm Springs, California (Morse) Hancock.

TELMATETTIX FALLAX, BOL.

Grayish cinereous. Vertex strongly narrowed forwards;
frontal costa little compressed, between the antennae obtusely
depressed, not produced before the eyes. Pronotum
depressed, granulate, apex acute, barely extended beyond
the posterior knees, between the shoulders sometimes fusco-
bimaculate, median carina anteriorly subgibbose; posterior
angle of the lateral lobes with apex widely rounded, inferior
margins subreflexed. Elytra oblong, fusco-punctate, apex
subacuminate; wings extended, passing the apical process.
Anterior femora compressed, carinae obscurely undulate, below
at the middle with small lobe; third article of posterior tarsi
little shorter than the first; pulvilli rounded below, first and
second united shorter than the third.

Length of body, 5, 9 mm.; pronot., 8 mm.; post, fem.,
4.5 mm.

Locality, Guatemala (Bolivar).

Paratettix fallax, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., XXXL. 282
(1887); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii., 12, 13, 14 (1900);
Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 241 (190 1).

134 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

TELMATETTIX MINUTUS, SP. X.

Plate VII., Figs. 5-6a.

Body .small, slender, rugose-tuberculose. Color variable
grayish or fu.scous, with two indistinct subdepressed dark
spots behind the shoulders; male frequently with the face
below the eyes, lateral parts of body, and external portion of
femora white. Crown of head between the eyes narrowed
anteriorly, between the fronto-lateral carina; the width is con-
tained in the length about twice in the female, a little more
than twice in the male; vertex about three-fourths the width
of one of the eyes in the female, about one-half in the male,
frontal margin sinuato-truncate not advanced quite so far as
the anterior margin of the eye.s, median carina moderately
distinct, little projecting, on either side of median carina
longitudinally canaliculate. Frontal costa in profile depressed,
scarcely advanced before the eyes, viewed in front narrowly
furcate, little compressed, separated very little wider opposite
the median ocellus, in the male subjjarallel. Eyes globose.
Antenna slender. Pronotum rugose-tuberculose or some-
times sabulose-tuberculose, less rugose in male, anteriorly
truncate, subconstricted before the shoulders, posteriorly the
pronotal process passing the femoral knees from one-half to
one and a half millimeters; dorsum nearly horizontal sub-
depressed, between the shoulders distinctly rugose-tuberculose,
narrow, transversely scarcely convex, indistinctly bicarinate
over the scapular portion of shoulders, the short anterior
carina: subcompresso-elevated; median carina of pronotum
distinct, subsinuate, scarcely subcompressed anteriorly; scapu-
lar area narrow; elytral sinus of lateral lobes of pronotum
shallow, posterior inferior angle distinct, the inferior margin
subangulato-rounded. Elytra elongate-acuminate; wings fully
developed, passing the pronotal process from one-half to one
and eight-tenths millimeters. Femora entire, slender. First
article of posterior tarsi very little longer than the third, the
third pulvilli nearly as long as the first and second together,
the first and second pulvilli acute, the third flat below.

Length of body, §. 10.5-1 1.9 mm.; pronot., 9-9.5 mm.;

HANCOCK

'35

post, fern., 5-5.2 mm.; f,, body, 7.9-8.6 mm.; pronot., 6-7.5
mm.; post, fern., 3.7-4.1 mm. Intermediate form: 5, bod}-,
7.8-9.5 mm.; pronot., 6.6-8 mm.; post, fem., 4.2-5 mm.

Six females and eight males in the author's collection.
One specimen from Soledad, V. C, Mex.. is still smaller
than given above, with the elytra narrower.

Locality, Cordova and Soledad, V. C, Mex. (^Barrett)
Hancock.

TELMATETTIX MINUTUS RUGOSUS, N. FORM.

Similar to the preceding Tcliiiatcttix ntiinitus, distin-
guished by the slightly broader vertex, the median carina
more projecting; the less tuberculose dorsum being lightly
rugose-tuberculose; median carina hardly subobtusely com-
pressed anteriorly; wings little passing the pronotal process,
but the pronotal process abbreviated and not passing the apex
of posterior femoral knees.

Length of body, 5, to end of ovipositor, g mm.; pronot.,
6-7.5 mm.; post, fem., 5-5.5 mm. Two females.

Locality, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mex. (Barrett) Hancock.

BATRACHIDIN/E.

This section contains four genera with which we are here
concerned, namely: Faxilla, Bol.; Tettigidea, Scudd.; Plectro-
notus, Morse; and Scaria, Bolivar. General characters: body
slightly rugulose, granulose, or scabrous; the front vertical
or slightly oblique; the vertex generallv large and truncate
in front, or slightly projecting; the frontal costa sometimes
continued without sudden transition with that of the middle
of the vertex, other times the vertex not being at all carinate;
the frontal costa begins at the base or even frontal region,
always sulcate from the base to the median ocellus, sometimes
rather widely separated, usually narrow. Antennae inserted
on a line with the anterior inferior border of the eyes, and
between the eyes, slender, generally moderately long, com-
posed of sixteen to twenty-two segments, the first article
being much larger than the others, the second globular and

136 TETTIGID^E OF NORTH AMERICA

small. The eyes large, ver\^ projecting, rounded, or depressed,
not elevated, triangular in form, above covered by the small
supra-ocular lobes of the vertex; the posterior ocelli placed in
the median part of the frontal ])ortion between the eyes. The
maxillary palpi large with the apical segment more or less
wide, depressed, and yellowish colored. The pronotum
always tectiform, anteriorly advanced above the head covering
the occiput, rounded, obtuse angulate or terminating in a small
cusp directed forward between the eyes, posteriorly the pro-
cess acute, variable in length; the lateral lobes more or less
vertical and bisinuate at the posterior border, the inferior sinus
being more often rounded and not angular, the posterior
inferior angle straight, or acute angled, directed dow-nwards
and not, or scarcely, reflected. The elytra more or less
rounded at the extremity and nearly always marked with a
light spot near the extremity; the wings vary in length, being
shortened in some and prolonged beyond the process of the
pronotum in others. The legs entire; the anterior femora
having the carina straight, not festooned, above; the posterior
femora with the median external surface rather large, of regu-
lar form, with the interstices of the oblique folds granular or
squamose; the posterior tibia; larger toward the extremity, the
carina multispinose, the first segment of the posterior tarsi
scarcely longer and sometimes equally as long as the last, the
pulvilli of the first segment rounded, not ending in a spine, at
the same time being of equal length, or the last may be a little
longer.

Batrachidese, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent., Belgique, xxxi, 119,
120 (1887).

GEN. PAXILLA, BOL.

Body rugulose, rather shiny; head broad. Vertex arcuate
in front, on each side transversely carinate, middle longitudi-
nally carinate. Frontal costa rounded, the base sulcate;
antennas short, having twenty to twenty-two articles some-
what distinct, inserted in the part inferiorly and between the
eyes. Eyes not at all exserted, subtriangular. Pronotum
tectiform, angulate in front, ];)osteriorly subacute, not reach-

Tettigidae of North America

Plate IX

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL,

HEAD CHARACTERS

HANCOCK ij7

ing the apex of femora; dorsum rugulose, with no longitudinal
ruga;, lateral carina; in front of the shoulders wanting, l-.lytra
narrow, wings abbreviated. Anterior femora with straight
entire carinas; posterior femora rather broad, external pagina
subsquamate, pinnate, femoral lobe small, posterior tibije
multispinose, externally sulcate; first article of the posterior
tarsi sulcate above, elongate, little longer than the third
article, pulvilli below rounded subequal in length.

Paxilla, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XXXI., 120
(1887).

Tettigidea, Scudder.

PAXILLA OBESA, SCUDD.

Plate II., Figs. 3-33.

Shining nigro-fuliginous, the dorsum of pronotum some-
times dull plumbeo-testaceous; lower two-thirds of face of
male and lower third of deflected lobe of pronotum pale clay
brown; legs and elytra black, the posterior femora sometimes
with an inferior premedian and preapical minute testaceous
spot. Body very robust, unusually smooth, the entire head
and pronotum being depressed, rugulose, and shining; all the
angles rounded. Fastigium of vertex broadly rounded in
front, scarcely projecting beyond the eyes, the median carina,
continuous with the frontal carina, conspicuous and prominent,
compressed though with rounded surface. Frontal costa very
prominent, broadened slightly below, very narrowly sulcate;
viewed from the side, projecting beyond the eyes fully half
their width and broadly convex. Pronotum reaching the tip
of the abdomen only, produced and very convex in front, its
sides considerably deflected, the median carina being ele-
vated and equal throughout, though obtuse and in profile some-
what arched. Elytra almost smooth; wings scarcely longer
than the pronotum.

Length, $, 9 mm., ^, 12 mm.; of antenna;, ,j~, 3.75 mm.,
5, 4 mm.; of hind femora, .t., 6 mm., 5, 8 mm.

I can add very little to the excellent description above
after Dr. Scudder. The type specimen which I have been

1 38 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

able to figure measures: j, length to end of ovipositor, four-
teen millimeters, to end of pronotum, twelve millimerters.
Mr. A. Bolter, of Chicago, found this specimen on the banks
of the Halifax River at Port Orange, Florida, in April, 1875,
and as he relates "in the neighborhood of a swampy place."
The other specimens so far as known were taken by H. K.
Morrison in Georgia, as given by Dr. Scudder.

Following is the translated description of Bolivar:
Black, 2, or obscure fuscous, above plumbeous, front of
head and sides of pronotum obliquely streaked with pale; f,
somewhat shiny, granulate. Pronotum with the median carina
regularly arcuate, dorsum somewhat rugulose-cicatrate, pos-
terior process subacute. P'lytra nearly smooth. Wings
shorter than the pronotum. Anterior femora incostate, above
obscurely sulcate, intermediate femora above sulcate, bicos-
tate, external pagina longitudinally costate, incrassate, and
subcrennulate, posterior femora with the external pagina
covered with little scales. Valves of the ovipositor subscab-
rous.

Body length, f $, 10-15 mm.; post, fem., 6-8.5 "^ni-
Tettigidea obesa, Scudder, Ent. Notes, VI., 12; Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. XIX., 1877-78.

Locality, Georgia, Morrison (coll. of M. Bruner, of Boli-
var, in Mus. Stockholm and in Geneva).

GEN. TETTIGIDEA, scudder.

Body granulose-rugulose; front moderately obli(|uc. V'er-
tex strongly wider or equal in width to one of the eyes;
antero-lateral carina: terminating obliquely or rounded, mid-
dle carinate, more or less compresso-elevated. Frontal costa
largely compressed, advanced before the eyes and above
coalescing with the median carina of the vertex, viewed in
front narrowly or moderately sulcate. Eyes in dorsal view
more or less elyptic, conoidal in profile. Antennas short, con-
sisting of twenty-two articles. Pronotum obtuse tectiform
between the shoulders, anterior margin rounded, angulate,
acute, or cuspidate, posteriori}- acute, more or less extenuate,

HANCOCK 1 39

passing the posterior femora or abbreviated; median carina of
pronotum conspicuous, acute; small lateral carina before the
shoulders present; dorsum of pronotum granulose or provided
with irregularis^ disposed longitudinal rugulje, sometimes vein-
like. Elytra towards the apex frequently marked by a pale
spot; wings abbreviated or more frequentlv passing the apical
process. Anterior femora above sulcate; middle femora
externalh' generally unicostate; posterior femora with the
external pagina possessing oblique bands, interstices granu-
lose; first and third articles of posterior tarsi subequal in
length or the first a little longer, the first, second, and third
pulvilli increasing in length, or the second and third subequal,
the inferior margin not at all spinose, usuallv straight below.
Valves of ovipositor sub-scabrous or dentate.

Tettigidea, Scudder. Bost. Jour. N. Hist., vii., 476 (1862);
Bolivar. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, xxxi., 121 (1887).

DISPOSITION OF SPECIES.

1. Pronotum with the antero-dorsal margin acutely pro-

duced over the head covering the occiput, dorsum
more or less longitudinall}- rugulose.

2. Vertex little advanced bevond the eves; antero-dorsal

margin of pronotum stronglj- produced terminating
in sharply pointed cusp with excavate sides.

3. Pronotal process and wings passing posterior femora.

ariiiata, Morse.
3A. Apical process of pronotum abbreviated, wings

abortive. a. depressa, Morse.

5. Eyes depressed, not prominent; vertex subconical,

distinctly produced before the eyes, anterior carinse
strongly oblique; dorsal front margin of pronotum
produced subrectangular, terminating in finely
pointed deflected cusp. apiculata, Morse.

6. Dorsum transversely between the shoulders subcon-

vex, smoothh' granulose with faint irregular ruguls,
the produced antero-dorsal margin of pronotum
lightly sinuate; eyes prominent. ac7(ta, Morse.

140 TETTIGID.^ OF NORTH AMERICA

7. Body slender, finely rugulose; dorsum between the

shoulders narrower; median carina of pronotum
less distinct. spicata, Morse.

I. I. Pronotum with the dorsal front margin obtuse an-
gulate or rounded.

8. Head in dorsal view distinctly conical; eyes not at all

prominent; dorsal front margin of pronotum broadh'
convex, posteriorly abbreviated. prorsa, Scudd.

8A. Wings and pronotal process or wings alone passing

beyond the posterior femora. /. eloiigata, Morse.

9. Vertex broad, with the frontal carina; strongly oblique,

the breadth about twice that of one of the eyes in
the female, in the male strongly wider than one of
the eves; eves not prominent; dorsal front mar-
gin of pronotum distinctly produced, obtuse-angu-
late.

10. Wings and ])ronotal process passing posterior femora.

parvipennis pennata, Morse.
loA. Pronotum and wings abbreviated.

parvipennis, Morse.

11. Body rugose-rugulose; antenna; slender; eyes promi-

nent; dorsal front margin of pronotum lightly pro-
duced, obtuse-angulate or slightly convexo-angu-
late. media/is, var. n.

12. Dorsal front margin of pronotum broadly rounded,

pronotal process and wings passing beyond the pos-
terior femora. lateralis, Scudd.
I 2 A. Pronotum and wings abbreviated.

polnnorpka, Scudd.

13. Body smoothly granulate; vertex obtuse, little ad-

vanced beyond the eyes, wider than one of them,
frontal carina rounded; antero-dorsal margin of pro-
notum obtuse-angulate; pronotal process and wings
passing posterior femora.

Spec. Mexican, y'rt/rt/rt, Hanc.

14. Species resembling ehiehiineea with wings fully de-

veloped. .Spec. Mexican, aiisfralis. Hanc.

15. Vertex narrower than one of the eyes, obtuse, little

HANCOCK 141

advanced beyond the eyes; antero-dorsal margin of
pronotum rounded-subangulate, dorsum almost
deprived of the irregular longitudinal rugulae;
pronotal process scarcely passing posterior femora;
wings fully developed. gjiatcvialtcca, Bol.

The following key to the species of Central America does
not include any of the above mentioned species.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CENTRAL AMERICA."

A. Vertex blunt, more or less truncate; eyes prominent.

B. Posterior sinus of the lateral lobes of the pronotum

relatively shallow; vertex truncate.

C. Dorsum of pronotum smoothly granulate, horizontal,

distinctly depressed at the shoulders. hruncri, Morse.

C. C. Dorsum of pronotum with conspicuous, nearly per-

current irregular longitudinal rugulae; horizontal or
somewhat depressed at the shoulders in the male,
arched near the front margin in the female.

chichiincca, Sauss.

B. B. Posterior sinus of the lateral lobes of the pronotum
of usual depth; vertex scarcely truncate ; pronotum
granulate, horizontal in the male, a little arched in
the female. iiicamgiia:', Brun.

A. A. Vertex a little advanced, subangulate; pronotum

decidedly arched longitudinally. plagiata, Morse.

A. A. A. Vertex advanced; eyes not prominent.

D. Vertex equal to or less than one of the eyes in width,

the mid-carina well developed; anterior margin
of the pronotum little produced, rounded; surface
smoothly granulate, rugulae barely visible; scapu-
lar area distinct, triangular, widest at the humeral
angles; a very small and slender species.

parviila, Morse.

D. D. Vertex wider than one of the eyes.

E. Scapular area absent; surface smoothly granulate;

♦.'Vs some of the species mentioned are unknown to the present writer, ttie key here
given is taken literally (rom Prof. A. P. Morse's article in the Biologia Centrali Americana.

H2 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

anterior margin ot' the pronotum little advanced,
rounded; mid-carina of vertex feebly developed.

nigra, Morse.
E. E. .Scapular area present, narrow; surface irregularlv
rugulose; anterior margin of the pronotum stronglv
advanced, angulate, or rounded-angulate; mid-
carina of verte.x well developed. tecta, Morse.

TETTIGIDEA AKMATA, MORSE.

Plate X., Fig. 6.

Very similar to T. acuta, Morse, differing in having a less
projecting vertex, and a distinctly or strongly rugulose pro-
notum with sharp carinte. The anterior margin of the pro-
notum usually more produced, with excavated sides, and
terminating in a sharply pointed cusp. Median carina dis-
tinct, sharp, nearly horizontal, with sometimes a slight
depression opposite the elytra. Wings and pronotum con-
siderably passing the posterior femora.

Length of body, 5, 15. 4-18 mm.; pronot., 13. 8-16. 5 mm.;
post, fem., 7-8.5 mm.; $, 12.8 mm.; pronot., 11.5 mm.;
post, fem., 6 mm.; antenna:, $, 3.5 mm., 5, 4-5 mm.; pro-
notum passing post, fem., $, 1.7 mm., 5, 2.5-3.5 mm.; wings
passing pronot., ,^, .7 mm., 5, 1.1-1.7 mm.

Locality, Vigo Co., and Monroe Co., Ind. (Blatchley);
Dune Park, Ind. (Hancock); Dallas, Texas (Morse); Chicago
and Riverside, in 111. (Hancock).

Tettigidea armata, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vii., 107
(1895); Blatchley, Orth. Ind., 22 (1897); Scudd., Cat. Orth.
U. S., 18 (1900); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA ARMATA DEPRESSA VAR., MORSE.

Differing from the preceding T. arviata in having the
pronotum equalling or not reaching the apex of posterior
femora and the wings more or less abortive; the dorsum of
the pronotum sinuate in [jrofilo, being more or less depressed
between the shoulders, and at the pronotal apex.

HANCOCK 1 43

Locality, Vigo County, Ind. (Blatchley); Dune Park, Ind.
(Hancock); Jacksonville, Fla. (Ashmead); New Orleans, La.
(Coleman); St. Johns River, Fla. (Allen); Ft. Reed, Fla.
(Comstock) Morse.

Tettigidea armata depressa var., Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, iii., 107,108 (1895); Blatchley, Orth. Ind., 22 (1897);
Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA APICULATA, MORSE.

Plate X., Fig. 2.

Body slender. Vertex considerably advanced before the
eyes, recalling prorsa, once and a half (male), or twice
(female) as wide as one of the eyes, not protuberant above.
Eyes about twice as long as wide, little protuberant, sur-
rounded by a slight but distinct lip. Carina large, much ele-
vated on top of vertex, abruptly abbreviated opposite anterior
part of eyes; strongly sinuous on face, protuberant o[)posite
eves, subexcavate below them. Pronotum cuspidate before,
subulate behind, considerably passing the posterior femora,
the dorsum coarsely and distinctly rugulose excepting on a
narrow band over the shoulders and the lateral lobes which
are granulose. Median carina distinct, acute. Anterior mar-
gin much produced over the head (one-half the distance
between lateral carinse), nearly rectangular, the sides sinuate,
expanded next base and excavate next apex, terminating in
a sharp, finely pointed and slightly deflected cusp, which
reaches to the posterior end of the carina of vertex. Wings
passing the pronotum. Posterior femora rather slender, elon-
gate.

Dark reddish brown, paler on face and lower half of lateral
lobes of pronotum, passing into luteous on posterior tibia.

Length of body, f, 13.7 mm.; pronot., 12.2 mm.; post.
fem., 6 mm.; 5, body, iS mm.; pronot., 15.5 mm.; post,
fern., 8.4 mm. Pronotum passing post, fem., j, 1.8 mm.,
2, 2.5 mm.; wings passing pronotum, $, 1.4 mm., $, 1.8 mm.

Locality, New Orleans, La. (Morse).

144 TETTIGID.K OF NORTH AMERICA

Tettigidea apiculata, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc. iii,
i6 (1895); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900): Scudd., Inde.x
N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDE.A ACUTA, MORSE.

Very similar to northern specimens of T. lateralis, differ-
ing as follows: Anterior margin of pronotum produced into an
acutely pointed process, reaching nearly to the mid-carina of
vertex; the latter is less prominent opposite the lower part
of eyes and higher on top of head, and the occiput is less
protuberant. Dorsum of pronotum smoothly granulated, with
very faint, irregular ruguL-e; mid-carina distinct, but slight,
especially at shoulders, where the pronotum is nearly convex
in cross section, instead of tectiform. From apiculata it may
be readily distinguished by the vertex.

Color, brown to dark brownish fuscous, more or less of
the top of pronotum straw-colored.

Elytral pale spots rather larger than in lateralis.

Length of body, $, 16. 8-17. 3 mm.; pronot., 15. 5-15. 8
mm.; hind fem., 8 mm.; pronotum passing hind femora,
1.5-2.5 mm.; wings passing pronotum, 1.-1.4 mm.

Locality, New York (Morse).

Tettigidea acuta, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, iii, 15,
16 (1895); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900); .Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA SPICATA, MORSE.

Plate X., Fig. 5.

Body small, slender, intermediate in structure of vertex
between apiculata and ariiiata, but more nearly allied to the
latter. Vertex more projecting than in armata; the body
narrower between the shoulders; the lateral carinse of pro-
notum slightly developed; the median carina less distinct; the
dorsum more finely rugulose.

Length of body, J, 11.6 mm.; juonot., 10.5 mm.; post.
fem., 5.5 mm.; $, body, 15. 6-16. 2 mm.; pronot., 14.4 mm.;
post, fem., 7.6 mm. Antenna; of male 3.3 mm., J, 4 mm.

HANCOCK 145

Pronotum passing post, fem., /, 1.7 mm., j, 2.5 mm.; wings
passing pronotum, ,-C, .7 mm., j, .7-1 mm.

Locality, Georgia and Florida (Morse).

Tettigidea spicata, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, iii, 108
(1895); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900); Scudder, Index
N. Am. Orth., 316 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA PRORSA, SCUDD.

Plate X., Fig. I.

Varying from dark testaceous to blackish, generally dark-
est on the sides, but the face and lower third of pronotum
generally pale yellow in the male; antennae luteous, black on
apical fourth or less. Face more than usually oblicjue; eyes
not so prominent as usual; fastigium broadening greatly in
front, its anterior edge forming with the contour of the eyes
an almost continuous curve, subangulated in front, giving the
head a bluntly conical aspect, ver}^ different from that of any
other known species; near the extreme tip of the fastigium
commences a low, blunt, but moderately stout carina, con-
tinuing down the face as the frontal costa, where it is very
prominent, compressed, equal, convex on side view and
slenderly sulcate. Pronotum rather slender, but only as long
as, or even shorter than, the abdomen, scabrous, the front
margin broadly convex, the median carina distinct, but not
very elevated, the outer edges beyond the sinus marginate,
and between them and the median carina two or three vein-
like dull longitudinal ridges. Tegmina nearly smooth, wings
no longer than pronotum.

Length of body, $, 8.5 mm., $, 11 mm.; of antenna:, $,
3 mm., 5, 3.6 mm.; of hind femora, r, 5 mm., 5, 7 mm.

Locality, Georgia.

Tettigidea prorsa, Scudd., Proc. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.,
xix., 34, 35 (1877); Brun., Rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., iii., 61
(1883); Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. de Belg., xxxi., 297 (1887);
Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900); Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent.
Soc, iii., 16, pi. ii., figs. 4-4a (1898).

The above description is taken from Dr. Scudder's article.

146 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

TETTIGIDEA PRORSA ELONGaTA VAR., MORSE.

This form is exactly like prorsa, but with the pronotum
and wings, or wings alone, extending beyond the hind femora.

Length of body, ^':, 10.8 mm.; pronot., 8.6 mm., 5, 13.2
mm.; pronotr, 10. 5 mm. Pronotum passing hind fem., $, .6
mm., 5, .2 mm.; wings passing pronotum, t, i. mm., J,
2. mm.

Locality, Georgia (Scudder and Henshaw), Morse.

Tettigidea prorsa elongata, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc,
iii, 16 (189s); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 316 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENMS PENNATA, MORSE.

Plate X., Fig. 7.
Eggs Plate XL, Figs. 2-2a.

Body large in the female, comparatively small and slender
in the male, granulose-rugulose. Vertex viewed from above
scarcely more than twice or about twice the width of one of
the eyes in the female, in the male considerably wider than
one of the eyes,* front border obtuse angulate, strongly
advanced before the eyes, the fronto-lateral carins oblique,
little more rounded in the male, lateral margins of crown
strongly sinuate, posteriorly widened, supra ophthalmic lobules
conspicuous, median carina well developed anteriorly, in pro-
file little arcuato-elevated above the eyes or in the male less
prominent; the vertex little or barely elevated above the
superior margin of the eves. Frontal costa largeh' com-
presso-convex, narrowly sulcate beginning little below the
fastigium and extending to the median ocellus, in profile
strongly advanced before the eyes, equal to about one-half
their length, the front below not at all sinuate and distinctly
declined. Eyes elliptic not prominent, in profile distinctly
conoidal. Last two apical articles of palpi depressed, color
light. Antennre rather short, stout, consisting of twentv-two

♦This measurement refers to the extreme width between the fronto-lateral carin^e of
vertex compared with the exposed portion of the eyes, as will be appreciated by reference
to figures of vertex.

HANCOCK 147

articles more or less distinct. Pronotum anteriorly more or
less produced over the occiput, distinctly angulate, the lateral
margins of angle straight, posteriorly subulate acute, passing
the posterior femora ; dorsum granulose, longitudinally rugu-
. lose, frequently with distinct branching vein-like rugulfe more
evident in the male, between the shoulders moderately broad,
transversely tectiform, humeral angles widely obtuse, before
the shoulders not constricted; median carina of pronotum
prominent, little elevated, between and before the shoulders
lightly arcuate sloping towards the front, posterior lateral
carinae conspicuous, midway longitudinal rugula; often dis-
tinct on the process posteriorly. Lateral lobes of pronotum
posteriorly bisinuate, the superior elytral sinus small and
moderately shallow, the inferior sinus widely and subobtusely
angulate incised, apex of the posterior inferior angle acute;
scapular area moderately distinct elongate bicarinate above.
Elytra elongate subacuminate. externally near the apex
marked by a very small variable light spot; wings extending
beyond the pronotal process about one and one-half milli-
meters or less. Femora entire; anterior femora above sul-
cate ; middle femora externally distinctly unicostate; posterior
femora moderately large, tibial carinje distinctly multispinose,
the first article of the posterior tarsi longer than the third, all
the pulvilli from the first to the third gradually increasing in
length, and straight below. Ovipositor strongly dentate.

Length of body, 5 14. 8-17. 5 mm.; pronot., 13.2-15.5
mm.; post, fem., 6.5-7.8 mm.; t , body, 12. 2-13. 2 mm.;
pronot., lo-ii.gmm.; post, fem., 5.3-6 mm.

Locality, Illinois, represented by numerous specimens
from Chicago (McDade, Brues, Hancock), Bloomington (C.
C. Adams, M. J. Elrod), Winnetka (Logan, Hancock), River-
side (Hancock), Richmond (Hancock), Glen Ellyn (Gault,
Hancock); Missouri (Adams); Kansas (Kahl); Indiana
(Blatchley, Hancock); Wisconsin (Hancock); Minnesota
(Westcott, Lugger); Iowa (Hancock); Ontario, L. Simcoe
(Walker). Also recorded from New England states, N. Y.,
N. J., Penn., W. Va., and Ottawa, Canada.

Tettigidea parvipennis pennata, Morse, Jour. N. Y. Ent.

148 TETT/G //)./■: OF NORTH AMERICA

Soc, iii., 109 (1895); Blatchley, Can. Ent., XXX.. 64 (1898);
Needham, Insect Drift on -Shore Lake Michigan, Occ,
Memoirs Chic. Ent. Soc, V., No. i, 24 (1900); Lugger,
Orth. Minn. Univ., Minn. Agr. Exp. St. Bull., No. 55, 201
(1897); Scudder, Inde.x Orth. N. Am., 315 (1901).

The color of the species varies extremely, frequently gray-
ish or fuscous, the legs clouded with fuscous, or the dorsum
may be light clay-yellow or ferrugineous, or with a light lateral
stripe on each side; the femora often present a light spot
externally above, little before the middle, in the male the face
below the eyes and the lower portion of lateral lobes of pro-
notum and underneath the body light.

TETTIGIDE.\ P.ARVIPENNIS, MORSE.

Plate X., Fig. 8.
Fiy. "i, text fitrure.

Similar to the preceding, pcnnata, with the body moder-
ately robust in the female, the characters of the vertex nearly
the same with barely less prominent eyes. The frontal costa
distinctly convex; vertex in profile little more protuberant
above the superior margin of the eyes. Dorsum of pronotum
between and before the shoulders distinctly acute tectiform,
the median carina anteriorly little arcuate, posteriorly sub-
straight, lateral margins posteriorly straight, the apex of
process acute or subacute, reaching to or very little passing
the posterior femoral Icnees, apical portion sometimes
depressed. Elytra elongate; wings abbreviated.

Length of body, J, 12. 6-14 mm.; pronot., 12-13 mm.;
post, fern., 6.8-8. 1 mm.; / body, 8.9-10 mm.; pronot., 8.2-9
mm.; post, fem., 5.3-5.5 mm.

A male and female of diminutive size from Minnesota,
measured; ?^', 11 mm., ,-', g. i lum.; pronotum, 5, 9.2 mm.,
$, 7.5 mm.; post, fem., y, 5.9 mm., .J, 5 mm.

Tettigidea parvipennis — dimorphic form oi pcnnata.

Locality, in Illinois. Chicago (McDade, Hancock), Glen
EUyn (Hancock), Winnetka (Hancock); in Missouri, Atherton
(Adams); Kansas (Westcott); Maine, Freyburg (Morse); Min-

BANCOCK 149

nesota, St. Anthony Park (Lugger); Indiana, Vigo County
(Blatchley); L. Simcoe, Ontario (Walker). Reported from
New England, N. Y., N. J., Penn., \\ . Va., Iowa, and
Ottawa.

Tetrix parvipennis, Harris, Hitchc, Rept. Geol. Mass.
1st Ed., 583 (1833); Tettigidea parvipennis, Morse, Jour.
N. Y. Ent. Soc, iii., 108, 109 (1895); Hanc, Trans. Am.
Ent. Soc, xxiii., 242, 243, pi. 7, figs. I2-I2a.; Ball., Proc.
Iowa Acad. Sc, IV., 238 (1S97); Scudd., Appal, VIII., 304
(1898); Blatchl., Can. Ent., XXX., 64 (1898); Walk., Can.
Ent., XXX., 124 (1898); Scudd., Cat. Orth. U. S., 18 (1900);
Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth.. 315 (1901).

H.^BITS.

In openings in the woods, in places which had been boggy but which were now dried
by the heat, I found a few Tettigide>i parfipcnnis, both inuiiature and mature specimens,
and one or two Tettix pbbosus (Downer's Grove, ill.. Aug. ig. igol).

The male of Teltigidea farvifeitms is quite prettilv marked with white over the face
and below in front on the pronotum on each side. The palpi are also of the same color and
they are kept constantly in motion when the insect is leedmg. Tliese colors are more
perceptible if viewed in profile and front. Krom above this ornamentation is obscured,
only the somber earthen fuscous of the back, top of head, eves and legs is seen. The
female is not ornamented with white, except as to the palpi which are thus marked.

At Twin Lakes. Wisconsin, the author came to a spring in which the overflowing water
passed down as a little brook to the shore of a large lake. In the neighborhood of the
spring were butternut and a variety of lu.\uriant forest trees, and in the shade a natural
black muck gave nourishment to a rich growth of lichens in the greatest varietv. mosses
and other forms of both low and high orders. Even the tree tmnks kept constan'tlv moist
were covered with green lichens. In these perpetually boggv surroundings Tettigids were
found associated ivith crickets so abundant that the ground was sprinkled over with them.
Most numerous were Tettigidea panipeniiis while an occasional Tettix grntiulatiis was
seen. Nearer the spring Tettix gibbosui was most common. In all the author caught by
hand sixty-seven. The color of Tettigidea famipennis was amazinglv variable, but every
insect was perfectly in keeping with the environment. Here one would be on the lichens,
another on the swamp grass, and still others on the black muck, and vet all generally speak-
ing accorded with the surroundings. The dried specimens have changed since, so that the
light clay ochre-yellow on the pronotum of some, and the spots of the same color on the
dark ground on the femora have become dull. Whole rows of specimens which when fresh
presented the prettiest variations now present a dark, uninteresting hue.— .\ug. 27, 1898.

TETTIGIDE.A L.ATERALIS, SCUDD.

Plate X., Fig 9.

Nearly allied to pciuiata. Body moderately large, dis-
tinctly granose-rugulose. Vertex in dorsal view little less
than twice the width of one of the eyes in the female, in the
male little wider than one of them, the fronto-lateral carina
slightly oblique, little more rounded in the male, lateral mar-
gins of crown strongly sinuate, widened posteriorly, the supra
ophthalmic lobules more or less conspicuous, median carina

150 rETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

hardly elevated, tlie crown in jjrofile barely protuberant above
the superior margin of the eyes. Frontal costa strongly
advanced before the eyes, about half their length, lightly
convex, compressed, narrowly sulcate. E^-es elliptic in dor-
sal view, conoidal in profile. Antenna; slender filiform.
Pronotum anteriorly more or less rounded, lightly produced
over the occiput, posteriorly subulate, acute, passing the pos-
terior femora; dorsum distinctly rugose, granulosa, with
irregularly dispo.sed longitudinal ruguht, before the shoulders
frequently strongly rugose, between the shoulders rather nar-
row, transversely tectiform, humeral angles widely obtuse;
median carina of pronotum conspicuous, little elevated, sub-
arcuate or subdepresso-arcuate anteriorly, lateral carinae of
pronotal process distinct; lateral lobes of pronotum posteri-
orly moderately bisinuate, posterior angle acute; scapular area
appreciably narrow, more or less bicarinate above. Elytra
elongate, more or less subrounded acute, marked near the
apex with a light spot; wings extended beyond the pronotal
apex about two millimeters or less. Femora entire; first and
third articles of posterior tarsi subequal in length, the second
and third pulvilli equal or subequal in length.

Length of body, $, 13.9-17 mm.; pronot., 11. 2-14 mm.;
post, fem., 6.5-7.6 mm.; /, body, 11. 5-13 mm.; pronot.,
9-10 mm.; post, fem., 5-6 mm.

Specimens from Louisiana and Texas appear larger than
those from Florida, while those from southern Illinois are still
stouter.

Locality, Missouri, Atherton (Adams); Louisiana, Ope-
lousas (Pilate); Texas, Paige (Fickiessen); Indiana, Vigo Co.
(Blatchley); Florida. Lake City, and V\.. Capron (Ouaintance);
Illinois, Johnson and Pulaski Counties (Gault); Tennessee
(Morse); Georgia, Tifton (Pilate). Also recorded from Md.,
W. Va., Ky., N. C, and Miss.

Acridium laterale, Say Am. Ent., pi. 5 (1824).

Tetrix, 1st Ed., 583 (1833); Tettigidea lateralis, Scudd.,
Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vii, 477 (1862). See Scudder's
Inde.x N. Am. Orth., 314, 315 (igoi), for comjilete bibliog-
raiihv.

HANCOCK 151

TETTIGIDEA POLVJIORPHA, SCUDD.

Plate X., F'ig. 1 1.

Similar to lateralis slightly stouter, granulose, longitudinal
rugulas faintly indicated. Vertex broad, eyes prominent sub-
globose; the crown not or little protuberant above the eyes in
profile. Frontal costa sulcate, the branches barely separated,
subparallel. Pronotum anteriorly distinctly rounded, lightly
produced over the occiput, posteriorly abbreviated obtuse or
acute, not reaching apex of posterior femora; dorsum before
the shoulders arcuate, transversely acute tectiform, between
and behind the shoulders subdepressed; superior elytral sinus
of lateral lobes shallow. Wings abortive; elytra small sub-
rounded at the ape.^:. Posterior femora moderately stout.

Length of body, J, 12 mm.; pronot., 10 mm.; post, fem.,
7 mm.; ,^, bod}', 10 mm.; pronot., 9.5 mm.; post, fem., 5.5
m ni .

Locality, Lake City, Fla. (Uuaintance), Hancock, Mary-
land, West Virginia, southern Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee,
North Carolina, Mississippi, Louisiana, Te.xas, Georgia.
Reported from northeastern states.

Tettix polymorpha, Burm., Haub. Ent., ii., 659 (1838);
Tettigidea polymorpha, Scudd., Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist., vii,
447, 448 (1862).

The bibliography of this species as well as some of the
others of this group is exceedingly confusing as several forms
are referred to under one species. The typical form is
undoubtedly from South Carolina. The above description
applies to the form found in Florida, and it is not certain but
that it is distinct.

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 315, 316 (1901).

Morse's studies. Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc, iii, 108, 109
(1895), brought forward certain evidence to show that Tetti-
gidea lateralis of Say is confined to the southern states,
the species inhabiting the northeastern states being par-
vipeniiis and its congenor peniiata. My studies of consider-
able material confirms this view, but in addition there appears
to be an intermediate form of Tettigidea from southern Illinois,

152 TETTJGID.f. OF NORTH AMERICA

Missouri, Tennessee, and Louisiana, with possibly a more
extensive range.

TETTir.IDEA MEDIALIS, VAR. N.

Plate X., Fig. lo.

Body slightly more robust than the Florida form lateralis.
The pronotum anteriorly presents a rounded-angulate front
margin instead of being distinctl}- rounded, produced slightly
over the occiput; the dorsum rugose-rugulose, the tarsal char-
acters intermediate. The maximum measurement given under
lateralis applies to this form.

TETTIGIDEA JALAPA, HANC.

Plate X., Fig 4.
Plate II., Figs. i-ia.

Rather large, granulate. Above fusco-ferruginous, dark
fuscous over the entire face and sides, the last few segments
at the end of the abdomen pale, legs pale throughout, the
maxillary palpi a little depressed apically and light, below the
edges of prominent points and abdominal rings light. Vertex
a little wider than one of the eyes; nearly flat, hardly advanced
before the eyes, widening posteriorly, the front border very
little conve.x, passing laterally into small rounded and some-
what elevated carin?e ending abruptly near the anterior inner
border of the eyes; on either side and just behind appear the
small lobes situated about the middle inner margin of the e^-es
in small, sunken fossa:; mid-carina rather thin, extending back-
wards only as far as the ending of the lateral carins, very
little elevated, in front insensibly coalescing with the frontal
costa; in profile the apex obtusely rounded angulate, the
frontal costa depresso-convex before the eyes and advanced
about one-fourth their width; below the face moderately
declined; viewed in front tlie frontal costa strongly sulcate,
the branches commencing near the a]iex in front gradually
diverging to the middle ocellus, and more than usually sepa-

HANCOCK 153

rated. Eyes prominent and globose. Antenna- slender,
reddish, inserted a little above and in front of the anterior
inferior border of the eyes. Pronotum anteriorly angulate,
the sides substraight, posteriorly long and subulate; the ajjex
acute, passing the posterior femora; dorsum smoothly granu-
late, with no longitudinal wrinkles, or scarcely a vestige of
vein-like arrangement of the granules between the shoulders;
median carina distinctly elevated, nearly straight or gradually
arched a little higher between and a little before the shoul-
ders; humeral angles strongly obtuse; dorsum between the
shoulders tectiform; the anterior carinae near the margin
curved, becoming a little divergent posteriorly; the borders
of the posterior angle of the lateral lobe nearly form a right
angle, acute at the apex; the posterior margin straight and
vertical. Elytra nearly smooth externally, with a short,
thick, oblique, pale Sjiot near the apex. Femora entire; the
anterior and middle femora somewhat slender; the posterior
femora rather broad, the first article of the posterior tarsi
equals the third in length; the pulvilli subrounded below, the
third little the longest.

Length ot body, i;, 14.5 mm.; pronot., 12 mm.; post,
fem., 7 mm. The wings extend beyond the apical process
of the pronotum one millimeter.

Locality, Jalapa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, elevation 4,000 feet
(Barrett), Hancock.

Tettigidea jalapa, Hancock, Can. Ent., xxxii, 25, 26
(1900), Mex.; Scudder, Index to N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA CHICHIMEC-i AUSTRALIS, VAR., HANC.

Body rather small, fuscous, above ferruginous obscurely
clouded with fuscous; face below the eyes light, spreading
laterally over the lower portion of lateral lobes, pale under-
neath the abdomen; femora light, obscurely clouded; tibia a
little more distinctly striped with fuscous. Vertex scarcely
narrower than one of the eyes, obtuse, angulate, little
advanced before the eyes, the front marginal carina- directed
obliquely backwards and ending near the anterior inner angle

154 TETTIGID/E OF NORTH AMERICA

of the eye, where the eye is a little conically elevated, feebly
sulcate on each side longitudinally, the little lobes not very
distinct, middle carinate, posteriorly extending only as far as
the lateral carina;, anteriorly coalescing with the shining
frontal costa; in jjrofile the vertex obtusely rounded, advanced
before the eyes about one-third their breadth, the frontal costa
convex, the distance between the anterior margin of the frontal
costa and that of the eyes widening considerably below; face
below imperceptibly continued without being sinuate and quite
declined; the apex strongly obtusely rounded. Viewed in
front, the frontal costa sulcate commencing near the apex,
the branches from here to the middle ocellus subparallel, and
not so widely divergent as in jalapa. Pronotum with the dor-
sum anteriorly obtusely angulate, the sides a little convex,
posteriorly subulate acute, passing the posterior femora; dor-
sum granulate, with an indistinct longitudinal wrinkle on
either side running parallel with the humeral angles, other-
wise scarcely rugose; median carina distinctly elevated,
gradually but slighth- arcuate between the shoulders, sloping
to the front margin; anterior lateral carina near the front
margin substraight and subdivergent posteriorly; humeral
angles strongly sloping laterally, viewed in front obtuse,
between the shoulders convex, median carina clouded with
fuscous. Elytra almost smooth, dark externally, marked
with a minute light oblique line near the apex. Wings
extended beyond the apex of pronotum. Femoral carin^e
entire, posterior femora quite large, the first and third articles
of the ]josterior tarsi about equal in length, all the pulvilli of
equal length.

Length of body, ^, ii mm.; jironot., 9.5 mm.; post,
fern., 5.5 mm. Wings extending about one millimeter
beyond the process of pronotum.

Locality, Cuernavaca Morelos, Mexico (Barrett) Hancock.

Tettigidea chichimeca australis, Hancock, Can. Ent.,
xxxii, 26, 27 (1900), Mex.

Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (igoi).

Tettigidae of North America

Plate X

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

HEAD CHARACTERS

HANCOCK 155

'i'ETTIGIDEA GUATEMALTECA, BOL.

Plate X., Fig. 3.

Light gray fusco-variegated, femora clouded with fuscous.
Vertex narrower than one of the eves, front border obtuse,
little produced, middle carinate, in profile rounded. Pro-
notum anteriorh- rounded-subangulate, posteriorly subulate,
the apex scarcely passing the posterior femora; dorsum nearly
smooth with longitudinal ruguls almost obscure; between the
shoulders convex; median carina of pronotum little elevated,
marked with light fuscous; lateral carina: near the front mar-
gin showing, curved, diverging behind. Elytra smooth,
fuscous, e.xternally pale, marked with a pale oblique spot
before the apex; wings long posteriori)' extended beyond the
apex of the pronotum. Posterior femora minutely granulate;
first article of posterior tarsi with the pulvilli below sub-
rounded, the third little the longest.

Length of body, $, 10 mm.; pronot., 10.5 mm.; post.
fern., 6 mm.

Locality, Guatemala (Bolivan; Honduras (Staudinger),
Hancock.

Tettigidea guatemalteca, Bol., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg.
xxxi, 298 (1887); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 15, 18
(1900-1901); Scudd., Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA BRUNERI, MORSE.

Eyes prominent, globose, vertex blunt, nearly truncate,
equal to {$^, or wider than (5), one of the eyes, horizontal,
the crown of the female a little elevated; the mid-carina well
developed, extending but little backward. Facial costa
prominent, widest below, rather widely sulcate. Pronotum
granulate, tectiform, distinctly depressed at the shoulders;
front margin little advanced; hind process abbreviated, not
reaching the apex of the hind femora, depressed, sometimes
a little reflected at the tip, sides straight; scapular area barely
indicated or lacking entirely; median carina prominent, sharp,
subcristiform; lateral carina; well developed near the front

156 ■ TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

margin, parallel, acutely divergent behind, obsolete in front
of the principal sulcus; posterior sinus of the lateral lobes
shallow, one-third to two-thirds as deep as the anterior lobes.
Hind femora robust, margins of the apex concave, genicular
and femoral lobes well developed.

General color brown; face, vertex, and apex of abdomen
pale yellow; mid-carina of pronotum sometimes spotted with
fuscous. A notable color variation is that presented by one
female, in which the eyes, the top of the head, and the anterior
portion of the pronotum (in the form of a triangle whose apex
reaches the first sulcus) are yellow.

Total length, $, 9-10.5 mm., 5, 13-14 mm.; pronot., $,
7.5-8.3 mm., 5, 10. 5-1 I mm.; post, fem., ,-f, 6-6.5 mm-. ?.
7.5-8 mm.; antennae, t, 3.5-4 mm., 5, 4-4.5 mm.

Locality, Mexico (colls. Bruner and Scudder), Morse.

Tettigidea bruneri, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth.. II., 15,
16 (1900), Mex.; Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 314 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA CHICHIMECA, SAUSS.

Fuscous, frequently pale; femora marked with yellow, tibia
reddish; granulose. Vertex anteriorly obtuse angulate.
Pronotum anteriorly obtuse angulate, posteriorly acute, apex
not passing the femora; median carina towards the head dis-
tinctly arcuate-declivitous; lateral carinae behind the anterior
margin distinct, backwards subdiverging; dorsum longitudi-
nally rugulose. Elytra externally rufescent, marked near apex;
wings abbreviated. Posterior femora broad, granose-stri-
gate; first article of posterior tarsi with the pulvilli subequal
in length.

Length of body, ^7, 10 mm.; pronot., 9 mm.; post, fem.,
6 mm.

Locality, Mexico.

Tettix chichimeca, Sauss., Rev. et. Mag. de Zool., xiii,
400 (1S61); Tettigidea chichimeca, Bol.. Ann. Soc. Ent. Bel-
gi([ue, xxxi, 296 (1887); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii,
15, 16 (1900).

HANCOCK 1 57

TETTIGIDEA MCARAGUAE, BRUNER.

About the size of T. lateralis, Say, but without the longi-
tudinal ridijes upon the dorsum of pronotum as in that species.
Its general color much darker than in any described species
except T. miilticostata, Bolivar, from Brazil. Eyes a little
larger and more prominent than usual in the genus, separated
by a space about equal to their diameter, the vertex more
bulging than in the described known species, viewed from
the side projecting considerably above the upper edges
of the e3-es, but little constricted in the middle, the front
angles broadly rounded and onlj- slightly carinated just in
advance of the constriction; median carina prominent and
forming with the frontal costa a well rounded projection in
advance of the eyes when viewed from the side; the frontal
costa quite wide, sulcate from the fastigium to the ocellus and
tuberculate as in the rest of the face. Pronotum with its
front edge well rounded and advanced upon the occiput, the
lateral angles of shoulders broadly rounded and the posterior
edge long and acutely produced, extending beyond the tips
of the hind femora, the median carina sharp and prominent
throughout, the dorsal surface rather coarsely granulate and
lacking the usual longitudinal ridges found in the other species
of the genus. Posterior femora moderateh' heavy and slightly
surpassing the tip of abdomen in both sexes.

General color, dark brown, inclining to dull black. The
legs and slender apical portion of pronotum mottled with
lighter and darker shades, the former with a decidedly banded
appearance.

Length of body, -T, 9.5 mm., 5, 13.5 mm.; jjronot., $,
10.25 rnrri-i $. 15 mm.; post, fem., -?, 5.3 mm., J, 7.85 mm.;
width of pronotum, $, 2.5 mm., 5, 3.5 mm. (Bruner).

Locality, Nicaragua. Central America (Bruner); Mexico
(Morse).

Tettigidea nicaraguae, Brun., Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ.
Iowa, iii, pt., 3, 62, 63, figs. (1895); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am.
Orth., ii, 15, 16 (1900).

Morse says of this species: "This is the largest species of

158 TETTIGID.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

the genus that I have seen from Central America, and is
noticeably dimori)hic in wing-length."' He gives the following
measurements;

Total length, short-winged, f, i i mm., 5, 14-16 mm.; long-
winged, t, 12. 8-13-5 mm., $, 17-18 mm.; pronotum, short-
winged, f, 10.3-10.4 mm., 5, 13. 2-14 mm.; long-winged, t,
10. 5-12 mm., 5, 15-16. 2 mm.; post, fem., t, 5.6-7.3 mm.,
$, 7.8-9 mm.; antenna;, /, 4 mm., j, 4.5 mm.

For convenience the short-wing form may be known as
Tctligidca iiicaragiiic brcvis.

TETTIGIDE.A PL.AGIATA, MORSE.

Antenna; filiform, very slender. Eyes scarcely subpromi-
nent. Vertex and crown distinctly conve.x, faintly excavated
at the sides; vertex advanced, subangulate, a little wider than
one of the eyes, the sides parallel, the mid-carina small, little
produced backward. Facial costa narrow throughout, widest
below. Pronotum convex-tectiform, arched longitudinally,
the surface granulate, with faint, short, irregular rugulie; the
anterior margin advanced one-fourth its width, rounded angu-
late; median carina prominent, acute; lateral carinae obsolete
anteriorly, distinct behind the principal sulcus; scapular area
reduced to a mere line; hind process long-subulate, passing
posterior femora 1.8 millimeters, exceeded 1.4 millimeters by
the wings; lateral lobes with the upper sinus rather deeper
than usual. Elytra large, long-elliptical, with an oblique
subapical pale bar. Femora slender, the posterior pair with
a narrow jjale streak bounding the lower margin of the
external pagina internally.

Length of body, $, 13.5 mm.; ]:)ronotum, 11.8 mm.; post,
fem., 6.4 mm.; antenna, 3.5 mm.

Locality, Mexico, Cuernavaca, in Morclos (H. H. Smith);
Chilpancingo (Smith).

Tettigidea plagiata, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii,
15, 17, fig. (1901); Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 315 (1901).

HANCOCK 159

TETTIGIDEA PARVULA, MORSE.

Plate III., Fig. 7.

Antennje slender, filiform. Vertex narrow, equal to or
barel}- as wide as one of the eyes; median carina prominent.
Facial costa prominent, narrowly sulcata, widest below.
Pronotum punctate or smoothly granulate, with a few indis-
tinct longitudinal rugulae on the shoulders, the humero-apical
carinulae distinct, bounding a well-marked scapular area,
which is widest at the humeral angles; hind process subulate.
Elytra widest subapically, obliquely truncate at the ape.x,
with a subapical oblique pale bar. Wings fully developed.
Hind femora robust, margins of the apex but little concave.

Length of bod}', $, 10.5 mm.; pronot., 8.5 mm.; post,
fern., 5 mm.; 5, body, 12.5 mm.; pronot., 10 mm.; post.
fem., 6 mm.; antennae, $, 3.5 mm., 5, 3.5 mm.

Locality, Mexico, Cuernavaca, in Morelos (H. H. Smith).

Tettigidea parvula, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 15,
17, fig. (1901). Two males and two females.

Morse says of this species: "This is the smallest and most
slender species of Tettigidea known to me. It resembles T.
plagiata in the general form of the body, but the hind femora
are projjortionall)- stouter, the facial costa is more prominent,
the crown less elevated, the vertex narrower, and the size
much smaller. It maj' possibl}' prove to be referable to T.
gnatcmaltcca, Bolivar."

TETTIGIDEA NIGRA, MORSE.

Plate III., Fig. 8.

Vertex and crown strongly convex above, a little less
angulate in front than in T. Tecta ; the median carina smaller,
less prolonged backward, barely reaching the level of the
eyes. Facial costa narrowly sulcate, the upper part narrower,
with parallel sides. Pronotum tectiform, median carina
prominent, subcristiform; the surface smooth, finely granu-
late, the transverse sulci impressed; scapular wanting or very

i6o TKTTIGID.R OF NORTH AMERICA

nearly so; front margin rounded-angulate, advanced one-
fourth to one-third its width; hind process abbreviated, not
reaching the end of the femora; lateral lobes with the pos-
terior sinus of usual size, sometimes a little shallow. Elytra
of usual size and form, with a subapical oblique pale bar.
Wings absent. Color black, except the face below the eyes,
the apex of the pronotum, and the apex and venter of the
abdomen; tibiae and tarsi fasciated with fuscous.

Length of body, .f,, 8.5-9 mm.; pronot., 8-8.5 mm-: post.
fern., 5.5-6.4 mm.

Locality, Mexico, Xucumanatlan, Omilteme in Guerrero,
7,000 to 8,000 feet (H. H. Smith).

Three males. In color this species presents a notable
exception to the general reddish brown hue prevalent in the
genus (Morse).

Tettigidea nigra, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 15,
18 fig. (1901); Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 315 (1901).

TETTIGIDEA TECTA, MORSE.

Vertex horizontal, advanced before the eyes a distance
equal to one-fourth its width, angulate, with subprominent
median carina, which extends well backwards; the lateral
margins converging backwards to its narrowest part just in
front of the coronal lobes, where its width is one and a half
times that of one of the eyes. Facial costa with upper and
lower halves nearly equal in width. Pronotum distinctly tecti-
form, especially in the female; the anterior margin strongly
advanced, one-third its width or a little more, parallel to the
sides of the vertex, angulate at the ajiex; surface smoothly
granulate; median and lateral carina; prominent, with two to
four irregular additional ruguLx; scapular area present, narrow;
posterior sinus of the lateral lobes shallow; hind process
abbreviated. Elytra rather shallow, long-elliptic, unmarked.
Wings absent. Femora stout, especially the posterior pair,
in which the upper margin of the external pagina is distinctly
convex and that of the femur itself straight.

Length of body, ^t, 9 mm.; pronot., 8.5 mm.; [lost. fern..

HANCOCK i6i

5.5 mm.; j, body, 12. 5 mm.; pronot., 11 mm.; post, fem.,
6.5 mm.

Locality, Mexico, Cindad, in Durango, 8, 100 feet (Farrer).

Two males and one female. This species resembles T.
prorsa, but differs from it in the more angular front margin of
the pronotum, wider vertex, more prominent eves, and
stouter hind femora (Morse).

Tettigidea tecta, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth.. 15, 17,
18 (1901); Scudder, Index N. Am. Orth., 316 (1901).

GEN. PLECTRONOTUS, morse.

Nearly allied to Tettigidea in general structure, but differ-
ing from it in the form of the facial costa, the minute elon-
gate elytra, and especially in the structure of the pronotum,
which is coarsely scabrous, with the posterior sinus of the
lateral lobes all but obsolete and the angles a little reflected.

Plectronotus, Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 14 (1900).

PLECTRONOTUS SC.\BER, MORSE.

Antenna;, 21-22-jointed, slender, filiform, about reaching
the base of the hind femora. Eyes of moderate size promi-
nent. Vertex scarcely {t), or one and one-half times (5), as
wide as one of the eyes, truncate in front, the mid-carina of
moderate size and but little produced backwards; the front
margin transversely carinate, the carinula; and surface imme-
diately behind them slightly depressed. Crown horizontal.
Facial costa rather broadly sulcate, the margins sinuous,
approximated below the points of insertion of the antennae;
in profile, strongly convex opposite the lower margin of the
eyes, moderately concave opposite the middle of them. Pro-
notum tectiform very coarsely scabrous, granulate; the front
margin advanced, with concave sides and uncinate apex
extending to the end of the mid-carina of the vertex, a little
behind the level of the front of the eyes; the hind process
abbreviated, its sides convex, apex acute; lateral lobes rather
deep, the posterior angles acute, somewhat rounded at the tip
and turned a little outward, the posterior sinus barelv indi-

1 62 TETTIGW.-E OF NORTH AMERICA

cateti; mid-carina subcristiform, sinuate, depressed at the
slioulders, elevated and subcom[)ressed in front of them;
lateral carinae well developed, coarsely granuiate-tuberculate
on the humeral angles, which are verv obtuse. Klvtra minute
(less than i mm. in length), elongate, rounded at the apex,
the lower margin pale yellow. Legs much as in Tettigidea,
but somewhat less stout; pulvilli of first joint of hind tarsi
small.

Length of body, $, 9 mm., 2, I3 mm.; pronotum, '', 7
mm., 5, 10 mm.; post, fem., $, 5.4 mm., $, 7 mm.; antennae,
$, 5.5 mm., 5, 6 mm.; post. fem. beyond pronotum, $, 1.5
mm., $, 1.5 mm.

Locality, Costa Rica, Cache (Rogers), Morse.

Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 14 figs. (1900); Scudd.,
Index N. Am. Orth., 270 (1901).

GEN. SCARLA., BOL.

Bod\' slender, nearly smooth. Face strongly oblicjue.
Eyes strongly globose. Vertex narrower than one of the
eyes. Frontal costa sulcate, middle compresso-elevated, at
the vertex abruptly abbreviated. Antennre elongate, fiUi-
form. Palpi with the apical article longer than the penulti-
mate, widely compressed. Dorsum of pronotum nearl\- plane,
anteriorly more or less compressed, acutely produced, hooked,
posteriorly long, extended beyond the apex of femora, median
carina towards the front ascendant, posteriorly subdepressed;
lateral carina; behind the anterior margin subobsolete; humeral
angles obtuse almost straight. Elytra oblong, frequently
punctate towards the apex with yellow spot; wings perfectly
e.xplicate.

F"emora carinate; superior carina of intermediate femora
with the apex produced in a spine; femoral spine small; genicu-
lar spine nearly absent; first article of posterior tarsi subctjual
in length to the third.

Scaria, Bolivar, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgicpie, XXXL, 127
(1S87); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 19(1900-

HANCOCK 163

SCARIA HAMATA, BOL.

Olivaceous, on either side widely streaked longitudinally
with black; inferior margins of lateral lobes of pronotum yel-
low; underneath the body, head, and legs pale rufescent;
labrum fuscous; elytra black, \ellow punctate before the apex;
posterior femora below streaked with fuscous. Pronotum
anteriorly little compressed. Wings passing beyond the pro-
notal apex, fuscous. Anterior femora with or without small
spine. Median carina of [)ronotum percurrent, in the male
depressed shortly behind the shoulders. Posterior tibia; fer-
ruginous, superior lateral margins towards apex lightly
dilated, minutely serrulate, also dentate, internal margin
near the apex unarmed.

Length of body, $ $, 9-12 mm.; pronot., 11. 5-14 mm.;
post, fem., 5.5-6.5 mm.

Locality, Surinam, Hautes Amazonus (Bolivar); Cayenne
(Bolivar); Nicaragua (Bruner); Bolivia (Staudinger), Hancock;
Guiana (Morse).

Scaria hamata, Bol. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, XXXL,
127 (1887); Brun. Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa, iii. 3,
62 (1900); Morse, Biol. Cent. Am. Orth., ii, 19 (1901).

Tetti.x hamatus of Stal, Acrydium hamatum of De Geer
(1773).

THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
COLLECTION.

The United States National Museum Collection is represented by seven
genera and thirty-four species and varieties, as follows;*

No))iotettix comprcssus, Morse.

Washington, D. C. (Riley); Cent. Missouri fRiley); Lakeland, Md.

(Pratt); \'irginia (Riley).
Nomotettix floridanus, H a nc .

Baldwin, Fla. (Schwarz).
Tettix acadicus, Scudd.

\. New Mexico (Riley); San Louis, Col. (Bruner); Wyoming (Riley).
Tettix hancocki, Morse.

Wyoming (Morrison); St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Nebraska (Riley); Swift

Current, Brit. America (Riley); Oregon, Mo. (Kanken.
Tt'ttix hancocki abbreviatiis, Morse.

Las \'egas, N. Mexico (Barber and Schwarz); Wel)Ster Point, Neb.

(Riley); Constantiiie, Mich. (Riley).
Tettix crassus, Morse.

Constantine, Mich. (Riley); West Point, Neb. (Riley).
Tt'ttix ornatus, Harris.

Wyoming (Riley); Oregon, Mo. (Ranker); West Point, Neb.
Tettix arcnosus, Burm.

Georgia (Morrison); Lakeland, Md. (Pratt).
Tettix blatchleyi, Hanc.

New York.

One female similar to type from Florida, but also resembling T. gibbosus, Hanc.
Tettix obsa/nis, Hanc.

Indiana; Washington, D. C; Jackson Co., 111. (French); Constantine,

Mich. (Townsend); Douglas Co. Kan. (Gamner); West Poitit, Neb.;

Central 111.; Central Mo.; Tennessee (Rileyl; Indiana (Piollman).
Tettix gibbosus, Hanc.

West Point, Neb.; Central Mo. (Riley).
Tettix granulatus, Scudd.

Constantine, Mich. (Townsend); Wyoming (Riley); Colorado (Cocker-
ell); Graham's Park, Col. (Baker); Garland, Col. ( Riley); Am. Fork,

Utah (Schwartz).
Tettix graiiulatus variegatus, Hanc.

Van Couver Is. (Riley); Pacer Co., Cal. (Koebele).
Neotettix rotti?idifrons, Hanc.

Georgia (Morrison).

*Tliis collection, comprising three hundred and thirly-two specimens, was placed at my
disposal after the MS. was partly in type.

164

HAXCOCK 165

Neoteitix holhiari. Hanc.

Bloomington, Ind.; Jacksonville, Fla. (Schwarz).
Neoteitix bolivari lonoipennis, var. new.

Resembling N. bolivari, Hanc, but with the pronoturii and wings extending beyond

the posterior femora.

Length body (entire) ', 11.5 mm.; pronot. 9 mm.; post. fem. 5.6 mm.

Wings pass pronotal process i.l mm.: pronotum pass femora i.i mm.

Locality, Columbus, Tex. (Riley).
Neotettix coarctatus, sp. n.

Vertex similar to N. bolivari', the body smaller and more compact.

This species is further distinguished from bolivari by the rugose surface of the pro-
notum, the more angulate shoulders, the dorsum behind the shoulders being slightly

compressed; the external femoral pagina rugose.

Color, dark fuscous, with two black spots on the pronotum.

Length body (entire), ?, 8 mm.; pronot. 6.8 mm.; post. fem. 5 mm.

Locality, New Mexico: Cocoanut Grove, Fla. (Riley).
Neoteitix variabi/is, sp. n.

Allied to A^. rotimdifrons : body small, rugose, tuberculosa. Vertex strongly wider

than one'of the eyes, middle carinate, in profile roundly elevated but scarcely higher

than the eyes. Frontal costa widely sulcate, above fusing with the medium carina

of the vertex, in prohle depresso-convex, advanced before the eyes. Pronotum

rugose, tuberculose; dorsum between the shoulders narrow, humeral angles obtuse.

Femora entire, rugose, pilose. Elytra small, elongate: wings only slightly developed.

Color, grayish, reticulated with fuscous.

Length body, £, S mm.; pronot. 7 mm.; post. fem. 4.8 mm.

Locality, Cocoanut Grove, Fla. (Riley).
Paraiettix ciicullaius, Morse.

Missouri (Riley); Washington, D. C. (Riley); Ohio; Ames, Iowa,
Paraiettix texaiius, Hanc.

New Orleans, La. (Shufeldt); Tennessee; Am. Fork, Utah (Schwarz);

Lake Drummond, Dismal Swamp, Va. (Palmer).

" Under old leaves near Brazos River, Columbia, Texas " (E. .\. Schwarz).
Parateitix morsei, Hanc.

Los Angeles, Cal. (Coquillet); Ft. Grant, Ariz.; Natoma, Cal.; Santa

Cruz, Cal.; var. from Panamint, Cal. (Koebele).

In the series are some resembling toliecus.
Paraiettix morsei extensus, var. Hanc,

A variety approaching inexicanus from Los Angeles, Cal. (Co uillet).
Paraiettix i/iorsei extensus, Hanc.

Ft, Grant, Arizona (Riley); Natoma, Cal.; Santa Cruz, Cal. (Koebele).

Pronotum broad between the shoulders, the median carina prominent and arcuate

anteriorly; body larger than in type forms.
Telmatettix, aridtis, Hanc.

Los Angeles, Cal. (Coquillet).
Telmatettix parviverticis, Hanc.

Ft. Grant, Ariz. (Riley).
Te/iiiaii'itix parviveriicis, var., Hanc.

Panimint, Cal. (Koebele).
Paxilla obesa, Bol,

Jacksonville, Fla. (Ashmead).
Tetiigidea lateralis, Scudd.

Pensacola, Fla. (BoUman); New Orleans, La, (Shufeldt).
Tettigidea medialis, Hanc.

Central Missouri (Riley); Washington, D. C. (Riley); Baden, Mo.

(Riley); Virginia (Riley); Georgia (Morrison); Indiana (BoUman).

i66 TETTIGID^ OF NORTH AMERICA

Tettigidea apiculata, Morse.

Florida (Morrison).
Tettgidea annata, Morse.

South Louisiana (Townsend); Florida (Morrison); New Orleans, La.

(Riley).
Tettigidea armata depressa, Morse.

South Louisiana (Townsend).
Tettigidea parvipennis, Morse.

Constantine, Mich. (Riley); West Point, Neb. (Riley).
Tettigidea parvipennis pennata, Morse.

Constantine, Mich. (Riley); Ohio; West Point, Neb. (Riley); Iowa

(Gillette); Carbondale, 111. (French).

VIVARIUM EXPERIMENTS.

METHOD.

The vivarium jars used in the following experiments are wliat are
known as liquid battery jars, of a size 7% hy 8}( inches and of clear glass.
In the bottom sufficient earth was used to support live vegetation, usually
transplanted intact from the natural environment of Tettigids. Grass seeds
were occasionally fed or allowed to grow in the jars for the comfort of the
occupants. It becomes necessary sometimes to transfer species when they
show the slightest indications of failing vitality. Water freely supplied, of
course, is a necessary adjunct to their well-being. Even with due care after
a time, or in the course of weeks or months, the males frequently die, as
they are weaker than the females. A thin veiling tied on the mouth of the
jars is a necessary precaution to prevent their escape. Some species take
kindly to their new quarters in a short time, and when first introducing the
species in the jars, if kept in moderate darkness for a day or two they are
not so liable to bodily injury. A few individuals in each jar will survive
much longer than when overcrowding is attempted. A little numbered tag
is useful in marking the site where eggs are laid.

EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS OF TETTIGIDS.

In a jar in a window exposed to the southeast, the Tettigids are enjoy-
ing the sunshine. The bottom of this jar is covered with rich black loam,
retaining the original surface transferred from the locality where the species
were taken. This includes microscopic plants such as algas, lichens, and
mosses. The little collection of live insects recently inclosed comprises
one female Paratettix with long wings, two female and three male Tctti.x,
besides a Tetiigidt-a parvipeniiis. The Tettix are short-wing forms and
one of the females, found in oak woods, had a strongly carinate pronotum.
The other specimens were taken from a swampy locality.

HABITS IN CONFINEMENT.

The author saw a male Tettix approach the female Paratettix several
times, and she even allowed him to climb on her back, but she refused to
spread one of the femora from the side of the pronotum to conjugate.

T)\e Paratettix shows more restlessness than any of the otlier Tettigids.
She frequently exercises her wings flying to the netting above. Tettigidea
parvipen}iis is a quiet, passive species in confinement and a vociferous eater.
The amount of excrement she passes litters up the jar in a short time. The
long-wing forms of all species are of course more active, owing to a desire to
exercise their wing power. A little fresh black muck placed in the jar at
intervals is selected at once by the little occupants for food , which they
gather around and eat with a relish. July 4, igoi.

167

1 68 TETTJGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

HATCHING OF TETTIX ORNATUS.

At eleven minutes of three p. m. I discovered in jar No. i a new brood
issuing from the ground. Three have come out, while following close in the
trail come two together, pushing the last one ahead. A few moments after
the first came out it jumped two inches away. There was one that came out
previous to my first observation. I saw a pale specimen alone, one inch
away, and suppose it is one of the brood, six in all. There is a probability
that some came out before this. There is a determination to get away from
the egg site as soon as the locust emerges, each walking toward the
source of light in the jar. Instantly after the amnion is shed the little
Tettigids stand on their feet, getting their equilibrium. Sometimes the
insect by forcible convulsive motion of the body succeeds in breaking
the egg shell and comes up out of the ground with the amnion still intact;
then by an expanding movement of the legs the amnion tears open and
the young set free at once find a footing on the ground. In another
instant it may be walking quite freely away or even jump, if disturbed, a
distance of one or two inches. June 14, 1898.

TETTIX ORNATUS HATCHING IN JUNE.

A brood hatched in my absence to-day in jar I. I saw about haIf-a-doze:i
specimens, still pale, on my return. June 15, 1898.

ECDYSIS OF TETTIX ORNATUS — SECOND EXUVIATION —
DIVERGENCE OF COLORING IN THE SAME BROOD.

There is evidence in my vivarium jars that the brood hatching May
31 are shedding their skins for the second time. One under my eyes has
climbed upon a grass blade an inch from the ground and is pale. Near it,
an eighth of an inch away, clinging to the grass, is the cast-off cuticle.
Three others evince ecdysis having taken place to-day. The first shedding
occurred on the tenth and eleventh days of the present month (eight and
nine days ago); June 19, 1898. The following day I found new evidence of
exuviation by the discovery of a specimen emerging from the cuticle. It
was pale, as usual, though some slight pigmentation was observable. Another
specimen of reddish color cast its skin. In the seven specimens left of this
brood hatched May 31 there is considerable divergence in the variety of
ornamentation, showing this peculiarity extends to individuals of the same
brood.

BROOD OF TETTIX ORNATUS HATCHED, CONSISTING OF
TWELVE SPECIMENS — TARDINESS IN HATCHING OF
TWO SPECIMENS.

I found a brood coming out of the ground at i o'clock p. ni., which
consisted then of ten specimens. They came out as usual, one after
another, but at 2:30 p. m. another tardy individual appeared, making eleven
up to this time. Again at 4:25 p. m. another hatched, making twelve in
all. June 20, 1898.

HANCOCK 169

THE NUMBER OF EGGS HATCHING IN TETTIX ORNATUS;
THIRTEEN AND TWELVE INDIVIDUALS IN EACH BROOD.

The following observations on the hatching of Tettix were made June
22, 1898: First brood of Tettix, consisting of thirteen specimens, hatched at
12:50 p. m.; second brood at 2:20 p. m., twelve individuals; third brood at
4:-to p. m., thirteen, making a total of thirty-eight specimens for three
females. June 22, i8g8.

EGGS OF TETTIX ORNATUS MORE SWOLLEN IN THE
ADVANCED STAGE OF INCUBATION.

The eggs of Tettix ornatus which I have examined at the seventeenth
day of incubation are quite swollen at either end. The tail-like anterior
pole at the cephalic extremity appears relatively long and slender. The
surface of the egg is rough. On extracting one of the embryos it was found
almost ready to hatch. June 23, i8g8.

FIFTEEN IN A BROOD OF TETTIX ORNATUS.

Fifteen specimens of Tettix came out of the ground at 12:50 p. m.
June 23, 1898.

MALES WEAKER THAN THE FEMALES— DYING IN VIVARIUM

IN JULY.

Anotlier dead male in the jar this morning shows how much less they
can stand than the females. A number of males have died and this is the
last one in the jar. Up to this time the specimens (females) have been quite
thrifty, though it is a matter of difficulty to keep licheus growing in suffi-
cient abundance to keep pace with their devouring habits. July 3, 1898.

THIRD ECDYSIS OF TETTIX ORNATUS; GROWTH DEPENDS
ON FOOD SUPPLY.

On July 2 three cuticles, and the following day two, making five out
of the seven specimens of a brood under observation, casting the third
exuvia. From the evidence at hand the shedding of the skin depends upon
the growth of the individual, and secondly upon the food supply. July 3,
1898.

TETTIX ORNATUS LAYS EGGS JUNE 29 AND AGAIN JULY 7.

A long-wing form (Tettix ornatus) oviposited to-day. This is the
identical specimen that laid eggs on June 29, this being the second batch of
eggs, with a week intervening.

TETTIX 0RNATUS,5FIFTEEN DAYS' INCUBATION.

On July 29 a specimen of Tettix ornatus laid eggs in vivarium and
they were marked by a tag. Suspecting that it was nearly time for the

170 TF.TTlGrO.E OF NORTH AMERICA

young to appear 1 took up the eggs to find only empty shells, the young
having escaiied. There was a new brood hatched on the fourteenth inst.,
but I could not locate the spot from which they emerged; it is more than
probable they came from the above-mentioned eggs. This being true, they
hatched in fifteen days. The weather has been unusually warm, thus favor-
ing rapid incubation.

A SPECIMEN OF TETTIX ORNATUS HATCHING WAY 31 LIVES
UNTIL AUGUST 9 IN VIVARIUM.

Of seven specimens hatched May 31 only one now remains alive.
There were two of this brood "bilineate," having light side stripes on the
pronotum; the rest were brownish with dark spots above. August g, 1898.

TETTIX ORNATUS HATCHING IN JUNE COMES TO MATURITY

AUGUST 14.

A specimen hatched in June has shed its last skin, coming to maturity
August 14, 1898.

TETTIX ORNATUS AND TRIANGULARIS IN CONJUGATION,
ESTABLISHING THE FACT THAT THESE ARE THE SAME
SPECIES

I caught thirteen specimens of Tettix at Cheltenham (Chicago) in the
same locality I had taken them on previous years. An abandoned road
covered now by grasses, lichens, strawberries, and a multitude of other
plants, was the source of these specimens. The land is sandy below the
superficial layer of vegetable mold. There was one male granulatus, the
others representing the forms ornattts and some triangtclaris. At 9 o'clock
a. m. all the specimens which were put in a vivarium jar were awakened
to activity by the warm sunlight pouring in upon them through the window.
I saw at two different times a male triangjilaris in conjugation with a
female ornatits (long-wing form). In one instance they were together
several minutes, establishing beyond doubt that these two forms belong to
the same species. Confirmatory of this is the fact of their being found
associated together in nature. May 8, 1898.

OVIPOSITION OF TETTIX ORNATUS — MALE STAYS ON THE
FEMALE'S BACK DURING PROCESS — EGGS SHALLOWLY
DEPOSITED IN THE GROUND.

At five minutes of nine o'clock a. m., I noticed a female Tettix ornatus
(in vivarium) on a little patch of lichen-covered ground with her abdomen
curved under her, ovipositing. A male is on her back, and though burdened
by him a very slight up-and-down motion is perceptible in the female's
body. Her position is peculiar, the front and middle pair of legs .raised so
she is standing on tip-toe, while the back legs are drawn up partly to the
sides, out of the way, and taking no part whatever in the operation. I
looked in the jar a short time previous, and the female had not taken her

HANCOCK 171

present position then. She works rather slowly, probably by reason of the
fine roots of the lichens impeding the ovipositor. The male shifts his
position occasionally, but remaining passive most of the time, still retaining
his hold on her back. There is every evidence that he is cognizant of the
female's performance. At 10 o'clock, one hour after my first observation,
1 saw the female withdraw her abdomen from its position in the ground.
The male, still keeping on her back, now becomes more active, endeavoring
conjugation by extending the end of the abdomen below hers, and protrud-
ing the folds from within the genital aperture, while she, with some slight
motion, still standing almost over the same spot, does not seem to join in his
advances. Now they jump apart (10:18 a. m.). The male's pronotum
extended beyond the posterior knee and the wings were as long as the
process. The pronotum was a dull earth color, only slightly ornate. The
female is of thebilineate type, but less vividly marked than some specimens.
After the female had left the spot the eggs could be discerned, barely show-
ing their pointed extremities projecting upward at the opening of the bur-
row, almost hidden by the thick growth of lichens. May 9, 1898.

From these eggs, which were deposited May 9, I saw larvae emerge
June I, or twenty-three days after. The place of ovipositing was marked
by a little tag, as is customary with me in carrying out my observations.

HATCHING OF TETTIX ORNATUS, TWELVE IN THE BROOD
— TIME OF TAKING ON PIGMENTATION WAS HALF AN
HOUR.

At six minutes past ten a. m., on looking in my breeding jar, I saw three
Tettix ortuitus larvEe emerging from a hole in the lichens. They are pale
white, somewhat translucent, with the exception of the eyes. One at a time
several more follow. After a lapse of four minutes two more come out,
the eighth and ninth in their order, all grouped within a space of an
inch. Now, startled by the sudden presence of an adult specimen leaping
near, one jumped two and a half inches, or thirty-five times the length of its
own body. This little performer was five minutes old.

At seventeen minutes past ten the tenth appears and now they are
scattering still farther away from the burrow. A few moments intervene
and then the eleventh emerges. Now, twelve minutes after the first was
hatched, the color begins to alter a little. The eleventh up to this time
has not entirely freed itself of the amnion, which is being thrown off behind.
At the same time a twelfth specimen is appearing, the little head showing
at the opening at the level of the ground surface ; a moment later its forelegs
are strenuously waving and free and it is making an effort to draw itself up.
At 10:29 o'clock this specimen has its head out, immediately afterwards
comes its body. They have all left the site but this one.

The first hatclied of the brood have become appreciably clouded or
opaque at twenty-four minutes of eleven. Looking around one sees the indi-
viduals quietly resting on the ground, except one which has crawled up
the stalk of a little plant. None are eating. At twenty minutes to eleven
the first hatched are almost invisible, changing to grayish, and it becomes
difficult to follow them with the eyes. Complete transformation of color

172 TETTIGlDyE OF NORTH AMERICA

has taken place at seventeen minutes of eleven, or a little more than half
an hour, their bodies being protectively colored like the ground. This
brood was not complete until twelve o'clock, when another tardy specimen
was born, increasing the number to thirteen. May 7, i8g8.

SUMMARY OF HOW THE EGGS ARE LAID IN TETTIX ORNA-
TUS — PROTECTIVE RESEMBLANCE IN THE EGGS, SIMU-
LATING LICHENS OR MOSS.

The process of egg-laying, summed up in brief, is as follows: The female
selects a desirable spot and, curving the abdomen under the body, she pro-
ceeds to drill a hole by repeated spreading and shutting the blades of her
ovipositor. When the hole is of sufficient depth she lays one egg at a time,
to which she affixes a transparent glutinous substance so they will adhere.
I have seen this on freshly laid eggs.* Then as the full complement
is deposited, without moving her body she removes the abdomen having
the ovipositor attached, and with her hind legs commences to cover up the
hole; if the eggs are in a soil on wliich there are loose panicles with which
she may cover her eggs, using the tarsi to handle the fragments. On the
other hand , when she places her eggs in a carpet of moss or lichens she does
not attempt to cover them over. This would indicate she realized that
the pointed extremities so much resembled the lichens that there need be
no fear for their future. The depth to which she buries her eggs varies;
sometimes they can be seen in lichens, but in other soils they are laid about
four or five millimeters deep.

I was impressed while making an examination of the eggs in their
natural environment with the evident object of the tail-like jirojection at the
end of each egg. Snugly laid as they are with their sides together in a cluster,
these little points stick up, presenting a resemblance to the pointed lichens.
The pointed ends offer a safe contrivance against the eggs being eaten by
insect enemies. May 31, iSq8.

E.XPULSION OF F^CES BY MEANS OF THE HINIJ TIBIA.

I have noticed in Tettix a peculiar habit of aiding the expulsion of

fiscal matter by a quick backward kick of the hind tibia. The fffical mass,

consisting of an oval body, is sent away from the body with some force.
May 7, 1898.

OBSERVATION ON THE HATCHING OF TETTI.X ORNATUS—
TIME ELEMENT PERFECTLY MAINTAINED IN DEVEL-
OPMENT OF EMBRYOS — HATCHING SIMULTANEOUSLY
AFTER TWENTY-THREE DAYS — HANDLING THE YOUNG
IN TRANSFERRING TO NEW VIVARIUM.

At 2:30 p. m., while looking in the vivarium, a new brood of Tettix
emerged. In fifteen minutes they were scattered over the ground. They
presented a pale, translucent, whitish color, with dark eyes, and the brood

*See Plate XI.. Fig. 2a.

Tettigidaeof North America

Plate XI

J. L. HANCOCK, DEL.

Sf:J!*flERiS PHOTO-aflAVURE TO

HANCOCK 173

was made up of fourteen specimens. One was unable to throw off the
amnion, and it lays beside the hole. It had reached the outside, but no fur-
•ther, showing that it had wormed its way out and finally fell exhausted. It
is remarkable how nearly uniform in development this little brood was, all
coming into the world simultaneously after twenty-three days' incubation.
I transferred this new family to another freshly prepared jar, picking each
one up separately on the tip of a glass rod previously dipped in water to
moisten it. On this affixed drop of fluid each was transferred and wiped
off on a piece of grass gently. In a few moments they recovered from
the bath, and were perfectly at home. May 31, i8g8.

THE NUMBER OF LARV^ IN EACH BROOD OF TETTIX ORNA-
TUS TABULATED --THIRTEEN LARV^ THE AVERAGE-
SIMULTANEOUS EMERGENCE OF LARV^.

At 1 1 :45 a. m. a new brood of Tettix ornatus emerged, consisting of
thirteen individuals. They came rather crowding each other, several at a
time, with little intervals between. At the end of three minutes all were
out. A summary of the broods hatched in two days in vivarium may be
tabulated thus:

First brood, May 31, 1898, 12 larvse, emerging rather rapidly in regular

order, one tardy. Total, 13 larvE.
Second brood. May 31, l8g8, 13 larvae, one unable to throw off the amnion.

Total, 13 larvae.
Third brood, June I, l8g8, 13 larvae. Total, 13 larvae.

Two additional larvae found; unable to place them.

June I, 1898.

TETTIX ORNATUS BROOD OF SIXTEEN HATCHED JUNE i.

While looking in the vivarium jar at 1:15 p.m. sixteen larva; came out
almost simultaneously, spreading in all directions, the sunlight attracting
them to the margin of the jar. The parent female is not recorded.
June I, i8q8.

TETTIX ORNATUS OVIPOSITING, EIGHTEEN MINUTES COV-
ERING HER EGGS FROM VIEW.

I noticed two females deposit their eggs at the same time in \ivarium.
One of these commenced to oviposit at 4 o'clock p. m., completing the
process at 4:40 p. m. She made no attempt to cover her eggs, they being
laid among lichens. The second specimen took a position at the margin of
the jar. After a half hour she commenced covering her eggs, not moving
from her original position, using first one leg, then the other, in dragging
particles of sand, lichens, earth, and other debris over the hole, in this
process reaching dexterously out behind to get them until the eggs were
completely hidden from view. She spent eighteen minutes in accomplish-
ing the task. Her pronotum is not extended far behind. June i, iSgS.

174 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

TWENTY-THREE DAYS THE TIME OF IN'CUBATION IN
TETTIX ORNATUS.

At 9:30 a. m. larvas emerged from eggs I saw deposited May 10 at
10:50 a. m., twenty-three days ago, thirteen individuals coming out almost
simultaneously with little intervals between. These eggs were showing
from above, so shallowly were they oviposited among lichens. June I, 1898.

HOW THE LARVA THROWS OFF THE AMNION, DESCRIBED
IN DETAIL IN TETTIX ORNATUS.

10:55 a. m. Now under my eyes the fourth and fifth larvae of a new
brood of Tettix ornatus are emerging from the ground. The last, or fifth,
is forced up out of the ground like a little mummy encased in the veil-like
amnion. The legs pinioned to the sides and head foremost it comes up like
a sphinx. In a moment more the legs move vigorously, spreading and
rending them loose from their cramped quarters and convulsive movements
of the body cause a rent in the delicate amnion. Now the vestment is
rapidly pushed off backward and, free to breathe, the young kicks it off
hurriedly, and in little folds it gathers at the tip of the abdomen, when with
a final kick the body is released of all incumbrance. The pale white body
is free to commence life's struggle; each individual, endeavoring to
separate from the egg site, starts off, little by little leaving the place of its
l)irth, moving towards the light, then remaining quiet, drinking in the
sun's warm rays, and transforming rapidly into the ground colors for its
protection. Eight finally hatched from the above brood. At 11:18 a.m.
seven are hatched, and another at 11:33 appears. June 4, 1898.

APPEARANCE OF THE EGG OF TETTIX ORNATUS JUST
BEFORE HATCHING.

The freshly laid eggs of Tettix ornatus, as shown in the plate, are more
slender than those well advanced in incubation. Just before hatching they
become more swollen and are quite smooth; the tail-like extremity of the
upper pole looks smaller. Held to the light, the dark eyes of the embryo,
whose head now occupies this pole, can be discerned through the egg shell.

TETTIX ORNATUS, HAVING BUT ONE LEG, COVERS HER

EGGS.

At 3 p. m. Tettix ornatus spent fifteen minutes depositing her eggs
in vivarium. The specimen has but one hind femur, which she used to
cover the eggs. I could see her clearly working, viewed from profile, and
I observed that her hind claws are used to scrape the particles into the
hole; particles of considerable size were pulled along. This female is gray
ish on the pronotuni, with blackish markings. Fifteen minutes were spent
in covering her eggs. June 5, 1898.

HANCOCK 175

TETTIX NINE DAYS OLD WITH REDDISH FEMORA, PROTEC-
TIVELY COLORED LIKE THE SPORE-HEADS OF CERTAIN
LICHENS AMONG WHICH THEY LIVE — THREE OUT OF
THIRTEEN IN THE SAME BROOD THUS MARKED.

Three specimens of a brood of Tettix ornatus which are nine days
old have the outer one-half of the extremity of the hind femora a distinct
red. This color matches exactly the pear-shaped spore-heads which grow
upon the thread stalks from one-half to one inch high, among the common
moss Polyirichutii, and among which Tettigids frequently oviposit. These
little specimens with reddish femora had not yet undergone the first
ecdysis, and several more of the same brood were grayish. They are a
little over two millimeters in length.

FIRST ECDYSIS OF TETTIX ORNATUS, TENTH AND ELEV-
ENTH DAY AFTER BIRTH.

Looking in the vivarium, I saw one specimen almost white; the secret
was revealed later when [ found an empty skin that had been shed. Still
later I found three more specimens molting. This establishes the time of
the first ecdysis at the tenth or eleventh day after birth. June lo, 1898.

TETTIGIDS FLAY IN THE SUNSHINE, TRYING THE WINGS-
RAINBOW IRIDESCENCE REFLECTED FROM THE TRANS-
PARENT WINGS.

Tettix ornatus while standing quietly on the ground in the sunshine
loves to play by instantaneously spreading widely its wings, exposing them
to the air for only a fraction of a second. Many Tettigids do this preparatory
to flight, as if trying their wings in exercise before attempting flight. It
requires close observation to see this performance, for the wings being
almost transparent, suffused with prismatic iridescence, are difficult to see
plainly. June 12, 1898.

OVIPOSITION OF TETTIX TRIANGULARIS, MALE ACTIVE
DURING THE PROCESS — ENDS OF EGGS CAN BE SEEN
IN THE SHALLOW BURROW.

At thirteen minutes of eleven a. m. a female Tettix triangularis has com-
menced to make a burrow with her ovipositor, selecting a lichen covered
spot {in vivarium jar). She has now her ovipositor in the soil, and although
on superficial examination appears motionless, careful examination shows
a very slight movement of the body. The specimen is bilineate on the
pronotum. Her abdomen is curved down under the pronotum and wings as
usual during oviposition. She is about ten millimeters long. The pres-
ence of the sunlight has created great activity in the jar. At 11 a. m. a
male, the identical one that figured in our observations of yesterday (May
9), has jumped on her back in a reversed position. Whether alarmed or
not, she has withdrawn her ovipositor, and stands in a normal position on

176 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

the ground. The male has turned about, trying conjugation, exerting
himself to the utmost to unite, reaching below her ovipositor to one side.
Doubtless she is unfavorably impressed; she struggles slightly with her
hind legs to be relieved. During the male's attempt at coupling the
protruding and withdrawing of the organ copulatrix is attended with the
escape of seminal fluid. At 11:14 a. m. they separate. The points of the
eggs are now visible in the little hollow between the lichens. May 10, 1898.

OVIPOSITION OF TETTIX TRIANGULARIS — ELEVEN EGGS
LAID — HOW SHE COVERS THE EGGS — COLOR OF THE
NEWLY LAID EGGS PINKISH WHITE.

At seven minutes of eleven o'clock another Tettix triangularis female
came under observation. I saw her select a place and gradually sink her
ovipositor and abdomen in the ground between the damp lichens. At 12
o'clock she withdrew the ovipositor, and in a skillful manner used first one
hind leg, then the other, scraping up little particles of dirt (with the tarsi),
with which she covered her eggs. This process lasted eight minutes, after
which she walked away from the spot to go about eating. Parting the soil,
I found the egg mass containing eleven eggs neatly secreted in the little
excavation between the compactly growing mosses. The eggs were agglu-
tinated together at the sides into a solid egg-mass, with the pointed ends
upward, and were a beautiful pinkish white color. May 24, iSgS.

TETTIX ORNATUS COVERS HER EGGS, OVIPOSITING LAST OF

JUNE.

At five o'clock p. m., a specimen of Tettix ornatus is laying eggs. The
same specimen has laid eggs before. She is grayish, with side lines
(bilineate) on the pronotum, and has the wings fully developed. I saw her
act uneasy before selecting the present site. From the other ornatus
examples in the jar she is distinguished by the grayish color, the others
being rather purplish brown. At 5:30 she took out her ovipositor and
is engaged in covering the hole as previously described in the preceding
form, triangularis. The hole was made in black muck. June 29, i8g8.

TETTIX TRIANGULARIS OVIPOSITING THE LAST OF JUNE-
SECOND, OR POSSIBLY THE THIRD, OVIPOSITING—
METHOD OF COVERING HER EGGS DESCRIBED.

At four p. m. a triangularis specimen with conspicuous side stripes has
oviposited. This same specimen laid eggs before, this being the second or
possibly the third time. After ovipositing, she spent thirty minutes scrap-
ing up particles of earth to fill up the opening, working entirely with the left
tarsus, the claws of which she used in this painstaking task. The opposite
tarsal claws had been lost by accident. She was obliged to perform the
work with the remaining member, although she would try occasionally to
use the injured one. This specimen is easily identified among ten others
in the jar. When she first commenced covering the hole she took the ma-

HANCOCK 177

terial immediately behind her, but as she progressed she reached fartlierand
farther back as far as the whole length of the extended leg to get the par-
ticles. The specimen was quite short. She chose the black muck in which
to bury her eggs. June 2g, 1898.

TETTIX TRIANGULARIS OVIPOSITING LAST OY JUNE.

At ten minutes past ten o'clock p. m. I witnessed a specimen of Tettix
triangularis oviposit. This specimen has broken a period of recent
quiescence of egg-laying. The weather is torrid. June 29, 1898.

TETTIX TRIANGULARIS LIVING TWO MONTHS IN VIVARIUM.

Two female Tettix triangularis, taken May 7, died after living two
months in vivarium jars. July 6, 1898.

LARV^ FOUND IN JUNE UNDERGONE THREE MOLTS.

Searching a swampy stretch of grassy ground which was abundantly
mixed with moss, I found a number of Tettix about the same stage of
growth as a brood which has gone through the third molt in my vivarium.
An adult triangularis was found here. This year, I infer from these and
other observations, Tettix laid their eggs in nature in May. Observation
made in a swampy meadow at Chicago, June 26, 1898.

EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE OF POLYANDRY SUGGESTING
THE TRANSMISSION OF MANY LINES OF DESCENT
THROUGH THE MALE.

The author introduced a female Tettix gibbosus into one of his viva-
rium jars in which were three males of the same species. One of the
males almost at once detected the new arrival. Presently moving over to
where she was, and without interference, coitus took place, the sexes re-
maining together but a few moments, when the male left her. In five min-
utes another male came over to where she was feeding, making the usual
advances, jumping on her back and trying twice to effect conjugation, but
each time she shook her body vigorously. When the male tried to place
his abdomen down close beside hers, she refused to separate the hind fem-
ora on that side, an act necessary for the union of the sexes. Failing in
this, he jumped from her back, walked about an inch away, only to return
again a moment later. This time when he came back she received him. In
a few minutes another male, the third in the order named, appeared on the
scene, displacing the second, and succeeded also in sexual union with her,
though at first she shook her body as she had done before to get rid of her
male suitors.

The polyandrous habits of this species were demonstrated, and con-
tinued observation showed that from time to time she was in conjugation
twenty-two times before ovipositing. From this it is inferred that the
female spermaceca may possibly contain a great variety of spermatozoa.

lyS TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

which may live for a time and enter the micropile of the succession of ten
to fifteen eggs that may afterwards develop. The transmission of many
lines of descent to the same brood through the male have an important
bearing on the causes of variation.

A 15ROOD OF TWENTY-FOUR TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS
HATCHES, PIGMENTATION ACQUIRED IN FIFTY MINUTES.

A brood of twenty-four Tettigidea parvipennis came out of the
ground at twenty minutes of four o'clock p. m., leaving all the little folded
amnions near the hole where they emerged. The Tettigidea larva is
much larger than Tettix, and at once recognizable. The adult parents
were placed in the jar May 23, and were from Windsor Park, 111. Within
three minutes the larvaj were all out of the burrow; in less than an hour
(fifty minutes) they began to take on a clouded appearance of sufficient
depth of pigmentation to easily escape detection. June 13, 1897.

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS, EIGHTEEN DAYS' INCUBATION.

Some eggs laid by Tettigidea parvipennis on June 28, hatched July 15
(igoi), or in eighteen days. Seventeen eggs were laid in this mass.

PERSISTENCE OF THE SEXES REMAINING TOGETHER
DURING CONJUGATION.

For three days the male of Tettigidea parvipennis has, with only
short intervals of a few hours, kept on the female's back, copulation being
almost constant. June 15, 1898.

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS OVIPOSITING, THE MALE SEEK-
ING THE FEMALE AFTEKWARDS-TWELVE EGGS LAID.

At 3:40 p. m. Tettigidea parvipennis started to oviposit between the
stalks of grass, but seemed dissatisfied, and made no further effort to lay
her eggs until 5:30 p. m., when she selected a lichen-covered spot. In the
operation of ovipositing she continued as late as nine o'clock p. m., and
when I last saw her at night she still had her abdomen buried in the ground.
The following morning on looking in the jar I found her in copulation with
the male. The eggs were laid five millimeters below the surface, and the
egg-mass contained twelve eggs. June 22, 1898.

TIME OF INCUBATION IN TETTIGIDEA PARMPENNIS,
EIGHTEEN DAYS.

At 1:30 p.m. si.\ eggs which I had left in vivarium hatched. The young
larvie are distinctly larger than Tettix. The parents of these eggs, Tetti-
gidea parvipennis, were introduced into the jar June 3, and on the 5th, the
female oviposited, making the time of incubation eighteen days. The
weather has been favorable to hatching. June 23, 1898.

HANCOCK 179

INCUBATION TWEXTY DAYS OR UNDER— h\CREASED HEAT
SHORTENING TIME OF INCUBATION IN JUNE.

I noticed to-day that some larvae recently hatched are in the jar con-
taining adult specimens taken June 3. The larvas have hatched under
twenty-three days. Judging from the size, they are not older than twenty-
four hours, which would make twenty days in hatching, providing the eggs
were laid the first day the adults entered the jar. But I have no certain
evidence of this. At any rate, incubation was twenty-three days or less. The
greater heat now coming on, having gradually increased in the past month,
evidently operates in more rapid development of the embryon, shortening
the time of incubation materially. June 25, 189S.

HATCHING OF TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS IN JULY'.
Several Tettigidea parvipennis h.s.\.i:.\ie.A \o-A-3.y . July 5, i8g8.

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS H.4TCHED JULY 5 M.A.TURES
AUGUST 27, 28, AND 29, RESPECTIVELY.

Tettigidea parvipennis raised in vivarium, and hatched July 5, have shed
their last skins, August 27, 28, and 29, making their maturing period fifty-
three to fifty-six days. I am convinced that nutrition governs this period
to a considerable extent, shortening or lengthening the time depending
on the amount of food being obtained by the individuals. The difi^erence
between a larva and pupa state is not easy to observe in the Tettigids
owing to the pronotum obscuring observation of the wing formation
during ecdysis. As near as I have been able to determine, there are four
molts before the imago is reached, and possibly five if nutrition and
rapidity of development is maintained.

SPERMATOZOA LIVE A LONG TIME WITHIN THE BODY OF
THE FEMALE -FORTY-FIVE EGGS LAID BY TETTIGIDEA
PARVIPENNIS IN THREE CONSECUTIVE PERIODS-FIRST
TWENTY-ONE, SECOND SEVEN,THIRD SEVENTEEN EGGS.

-^ female Tettigidea parvipennis which I found in a swampy meadow
May II, remained in vivarium without association with the male. On June
22, or forty-two days after being taken, she oviposited (9:15 a. m. to 10:20
a. m.). Fertilization must have taken place in nature, and here is evidence
that the spermatozoa lives a long time within the body of the female.
There were twenty-one eggs in the mass closely cemented together. On
carefully exposing the eggs they are covered now (two days after) by a
whitish deposit, and underneath the white covering they appear pale
greenish gray. The eggs were laid about ten millimeters below the surface
of the ground, the egg-mass forming a pear-shape body with tlie pointed
extremities upwards. The individual eggs are shaped somewhat like a
long wine-bottle, see Plate XI., Figs. 2 and 2a. Following this observation,
I saw the same female, above referred to, again oviposit. This time she

i8o TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

started at 3:55 p. m. (June 28), removing her ovipositor at 4:25 p. m. The
egg-mass contained seventeen eggs. 1 subsequently discovered seven larvae
which had hatched in the jar containing this female, which were her brood.
From these accounts forty-five eggs have been laid by this female, and
as subsequent observation determined, the eggs were all fertile.

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS HATCHES IN FOURTEEN DAYS-
WEATHER WARM.

Tettigidea parvipennis eggs laid June 22 hatched to-day, making incu-
bation fourteen days. There were twenty-one eggs in the egg-mass. The
weather has been unusually warm, favoring hatching. July 6, igoi.

TWEXTY-SIX EGGS LAID BY TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS

JULY g.

At 7 p. m. a specimen of Tettigidea pijrTipe/i/u's'oviposhed. On taking
these eggs up the following morning for embryological preparation, I found
twenty-six eggs constituting the egg-mass. This is the largest number that
I have observed laid by this species at one time. July 9, 1901.

TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS LAYS SIXTEEN EGGS JULY 8.

Tettigidea parvipennis laid sixteen eggs in vivarium to-day. July
8, IQOI.

NINETEEN EGGS LAID r>Y TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS JULY 10.

Nineteen eggs constitutes an egg-mass laid by Tettigidea parvipennis
to-day. July 10, igoi.

POSITION OF THE MALE POSTERIOR FEMORA DURING COUP-
LING OF SEXES PECULIAR, IN TETTIGIDEA.

During conjugation of Tettigidea parvipennis, when the male rides
around on the female's back, the posterior legs are frequently drawn up at
the sides with the tibia; close to the femora, then standing almost perpen-
dicular to the body.

THE MALE TETTIGIDEA PARVIPENNIS GRASP OF THE
FEMALE — HIS CONVULSIVE ACTION DURING AND BE-
FORE COITUS.

The peculiar convulsive spasm or orgasm which I observed in the male
Tettigidea before coitus had taken place, was afterwards observed while
the pair were coupled. This performance of the male probably shows each
time there is an emission of spermatozoids. The male appendages grasp
the sharp edge of the last abdominal segment underneath the ovipositor
of the female during coitus, requiring enormous extension of the male's
abdomen. His hind legs are drawn up, not taking any hold whatever, his
grasp being dependent on the first and second pair of legs. June 12, 189S.

HANCOCK i8i

APPEARANCE OF THE EGGSHELLS DEMONSTRATING THAT
THE EMBRYO BREAKS THE SHELL LONGITUDINALLY TO
ESCAPE.

On taking the empty eggs up (Paratettix) I found that the larva; in
escaping had burst the shell in most cases on two sides longitudinally,
the pointed end of the eggs being directed upwards. The eggs are laid
about an eighth of an inch (four millimeters) below the surface in a cluster.
May 7, iSgS.

MUTILATION NOT INHERITED IN THE OFFSPRING OF TET-
TIX ORNATUS — EIGHTEEN DAYS' INCUBATION.
Seven Tettix eggs which I had put back in vivarium after examination,
hatched while I was looking in the jar at noon to-day. The eggs were laid
at 3 p. m. June 6, or eighteen days ago, by a long-wing specimen of ornatus.
The Tettix had but one hind femur, the other having been lost by
accident. All the larva; were normal, showing the mutilation had no effect
upon the offspring.

DEFORMITY OF THE TIBI/E IN TETTIGIDEA NEWLY BORN—
THE CLAWS ALSO ABSENT ON THE POSTERIOR TARSI.

A remarkable deformity occurred in a newly hatched Tetti^idea par-
vipennis specimen. Since hatching the individual had never disconnected
the two hind tibiae which were fused together. I found on examination that
they were joined throughout their length, and the tarsi had no claws. On
separating the tibia; the specimen shortly after died. June 24, 1898.

TETTIGIDS TAKEN FOR VIVARIUM EXPERIMENTS — SALA-
CIOUS HABITS OF TETTIGIDEA — SEXES REMAIN LONG
TOGETHER — IN TETTIX A SHORT PERIOD AT A TIME.

In a marshy meadow (south of Chicago) eleven specimens of Tettigids
were taken for vivarium experiments, and virgin earth taken for covering
the bottom of the jars. A male and female Tettigidea parvipennis, one
female Tettix granulatus, and Tettix oniatus and triangularis made up
the species. I placed them free in one jar. The male and female
parvipennis coupled almost immediately, and remained together the next
day. In coupling Tettix, sexes do not remain long together; on an average
ten or fifteen minutes suffices. June 3, 1898.

On June 4 Tettigidea parvipennis r&ma\nt6. sixteen hours together in
copulation.

TETTIX GRANULATUS IN CONJUGATION.
A pair of Tettix granulatus were in copulation last night, and this
morning they were still together. June 4, 1898.

POLYANDRY IN TETTIX ORNATUS.

A male Tettix ornatus in vivarium has effected coitus with three
females. June 4, 1898.

LITERATURE.

AsHMEAD, W. H. Insect Life, vii, 26, 1895. Cotton Insects, Miss. (B.

crisiaia, ScuAA., Te/tig, lateralis. Say., T. ornatus. Say., T.femo-

rattts. Scudd., T. arenosus Burm.).
Beutenjiuller, Wm. Descriptive catalogue of the Orth., found within

fifty miles of New York City, plates v-x, pp. 253-316, Bull., Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist., vi, 1894. (Teitiginae), pp. 309-311.
Blatchley, W. S. Some Indiana Acrididae, Can. Ent. (p. 100, Tettigitiae),

xxiii, 1S91.
Some Indiana Acrididae, Can. Ent., Art. ii [Tettiginae), pp. 32-34, xxiv.

1892.
Some Indiana Acrididae, Can. Ent., Art. iii, xxvi (Tettiginae), pp. 219-

221, 1894.
Insects, Orthoptera in particular. Trans. Ind. Hort. Soc, 1896, List of

Orth. ( Tettiginae), p. 22.
Some Indiana Acrididae, Can. Ent., p. 60 ( T. arma/a, T. a deprasa,

p. 64, list of Tctti^iiiae).
J3RUNER, Lawrence. Ann. Rep't Nebr. Bd. Agric, 1896 (1897).

List Orth., Nebraska, pp. 19-33, Tettiginae, pp. 28, 29, 1893. Nebr. Acad.

Sc. iii.
Brunner, and Red't. Proc. Z06I. Sc. Orth. Is. St. Vincent. Fig. 10, pi.

xvi, 208, 1892. ( T. qitadriimdulatus, Red't.)
Brunner, VON Wattenwyl. Rev, du Sys. des Orth., 1893. (Tettigidae

placed at beginning of nine tribes under Acridiodae.)
Bolivar, Ignacio. Essai sur les Acridiens de la tribu des Tettigidae, .Ann.

Soc. Ent., Belgique, xxxi, pp. 175-313, 1887.
Burmeister, Hermann. Handbuch de Entcmologie, Berlin, Vol. II., pt.

ii, contains the Orthoptera, 1838.
Cambridge Natural History, pt. Insects (Tettigides), Shipley, 1898.
Charpentier, de Toussaint. Germar. Zeitschr. iii, 315, 1841. {Tettix

first described.)
COMSTOCK, J. H. A manual for the study of insects, 1895.
Fischer, L. H. Orth. Europasa, 18 pl'ts, 1853.
Forbes, S. A. Food relation of fresh water fishes, 111. State Lab. Nat. Hist.

iii. Art. viii, p. 523. (See also article on birds.)
Fernald, C. H. The Orthoptera of New England, pp. 61. Same, 25th

Rep't Mass. Agric. Coll., 1888, pp. 85-145. Same Rep't, Sec. B,

Agric. Mass., pp. 421-481, 1887.
GuERiN, F. E. In Sagra, Ramon de la Hist. Nat., Cuba, pi. 12, Orth., 1857.
Harris, T. W. Treatise on some of the insects injurious to vegetation.

3d Ed. 1862, pp. 165-igi. 1st Ed. pub. 1841.
Haan, William de. Bijdr. Kenn. Orthoptera, 166-67, 1842. (First syn-
optical table of species.)

I $2

HANCOCK 183

Hancock, J. L. On Illinois grouse locusts (Tettigidae) Trnns. Am. Ent.
Soc, xxiii, 1896, pp. 235-244, figs, and several new species of Tettix
described.
Unusual migrations of Tettigidea lateralis in northeastern Illinois,

Am. Naturalist, pp. 483-487, 1894.
A new Tettix, Am. Naturalist, pp. 761, 762, 1895. (T. incurvatiis with

fig.)
The food habits of the Tettigidae, pp. 6, 7, Ent. Record and Journ.

of Variation, X., No. i, Jan., 1898.
The species of the new genus Neotettix, with a key to the Genera of
North America Tett igiae, Ent. News, June, pp. l37-Mi,one plate
1898.
A new species of Nomotettix from Kansas, Ent. News, Jan., p. 8, 1899.

(^N. acuminatus.)
In Lugger Orth., Minn., 3d Rep't Ent. Exp. Station, 1897. (T. iui;i;eri

described.)
Tettigian studies, Ent. News, x, 275-282, 1899.

Notes on the Tettigian group of Orth., Can. Ent., pp. 25-27, Jan., 1900.
Synopsis of the Subfamilies and Genera of North American Tettigidae,
Psyche, Jan., pp. 6, 7, Igoo.
KiRBV, W.M. In Richardson's Fauna Bor. Americana, Norwich, 1837.
Compiled by Bethune, under Insects Northern British Amer., Can.
Ent., pp. 156, with suppl., pp. 14.
Latrielle, p. a. Orthoptera, Vol. xii, 1804, Hist. nat. gen. et part des
crust, et des insects, Paris, 1802-5. ('4 vols., 7>///,r first described.)
LiNNE, Syst. Nat. Ed. xii, 1767.
Lugger, Otto. The Orth. of Minnesota, 3d Rep't Ent. Exp. Station, pp.

105-111, 5 figs. (Tetlix luggeri At%<i'c\h^6..)
Morse, A. P. A preliminary list of the Acrididae of N. England, Psyche,
pp. 102-108, 1894.
New North American Tettiginae, Art. i, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, pp. 14-16,

1895.
New North American Tettiginae, Art. ii, Psyche pp. 107-110, 1895.
New North American Tettiginae, iii, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, vii, 1899.
Biol. Cent. Americana, ii, Orth., igoo-oi. (Tettis:inae.)
McNeil, Jerome. A list of the Orth. of Illinois, Psyche, Apr. and May,

vi, 3-9, 21-27, 62-66, 73-78, 1891.
Packard, A. S. Guide to the Study of Insects, p. 572, 18S8. 1 Tettix,
Tettigidea and Batrachidect.)
Rep't U. S. Ent. Comm., Appendix ii, p. [28] T. gra?iu/atiis, 1878-9,
Vancouver Is.
Riley, C. V. Nat. Hist, of the Arthropods, Orthoptera, Stand. Nat. Hist.,

pp. 192, 193.
Riley, Packard and Thomas. First Rep't U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 256,
1877. (T. granulatus, fig. Genus Tettix, p. 34, Tettiginae.)
Third Kep't U. S. Ent. Comm., 1880-82, pp. 309-322. (Anatomy of
Tettix.)
Rehx, Jamics a. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc, xxvii, 229, Mexican Orth., 1901.

)S4 TRTTIGIDJE OF NO JiTH AMERICA

Say, Thomas. American Entomology, 1824, Le Contes Ed., 2 vols., 1859.
Acridiu7n ornatum, described Vol. i, pi. v, ist Ed. Acryditim lai-
erale. Vol. i, pi. v, ist Ed., same described in 2d Ed.
Saussuke, Henry De. Revue et Mag. de Z06I., 1859-61, Orthoptera
Xova Americana, Ser. i-iii, Paris, 1859-61. (Mexican and N. Am.
speeies described.)
Serville, J. G. Audinet, Historic Natiirelles des insects ortliopteres,

Paris, p. 75, 1839.
Sclujder, S. H. The Alpine Orth. of X. America, Appalanchia, viii. No. 4,
1898.
Entomological Notes, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xi.v, 1877-78.
Guide to the Genera and Classification of N. American Orthoptera

north of Mexico, p. 87, 1897. (Tettiginae.)
Materials for a monograph of the N. American Orthoptera, Bost.

Journ. Nat. Hist., vii, pp. 407-480, 1862.
Psyche, March, 1897, p. 43. (Nomotettix cristatiis, noted Mt. Desert Is.,

Maine.)
Catalogue of the described Orthoptera of the United States and Canada,

Proc. Dav. Acad. Nat. Sc, viii, with plates, 1900.
Index to North American Orthoptera in Occ, Papers Bost. Soc. Nat.

Hist., vi, 1 90 1.
Catalogue of tlie Orth. of N. ,-\m. described previous to 1867, Smith.
Inst., 1868.
S.MITH, J. B. Economic Entomology, 1896, fig. (copied from older works),
pp. 91, 92. ( Tettiginae.)
Insects of New Jersey, list with notes, igoo, Suppl. 27, Ann. Kep't St.
Bd. Agric, 1899.
Stal, Cakl. Recensio Orthopterorum, 1873. (16 species in one genus.)
Tho.mas, Cyrus. List of the Orthoptera of Illinois, 111. Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1876.
Synopsis of the Acrididae of N. America, Rep't U. S. Geol. Surv.,
Territories (Hayden), Vol. v, pi. i, p. 262, 1873.
ToWNSEND, C. H. T. The injurious and other locusts of N. Mexico and
-Arizona, Insect Life, Vol. vi, p. 31, 1893. (P- to/teens, P. mexicamis
in Grand Canyon.)
Uhler, p. R. Nat. Hist, of the Arthropods, Bugs. Stand. Nat. Hist., \'ol.

ii, p. 263, 1884. [Galgiiliis oeulatiis, enemy to Tettix.)
Walker, E. M. Notes on some Ontario Acrididae. Can. Ent., xxx.

May, jip. 122-124 (Tettiginae), 1898.
Westwood, J. O. On Hymenotes, a genus of exotic orthopterous insects,
in Charlesworth Mag. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 489, 1839.

Note — For further bibliography, see under each species and genus.

;u"_

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

All the drawings were made by the author, and with few exceptions, as
noted below, were made from specimens in my own collection, or from types
which were loaned. The figures are magnified from five to ten diameters,
or in a few instances much more, as the subject warranted.

PLATE I.

Clwriphyllum foliatum, female, sp. n. Jamaica.
Choriphyllum westtvoodi, nom. n. after Westwood.
Platythorus camurus, Morse after Morse.
Tylotettix siniiatus, Morse after Morse.
Otumba scapu/aris, Morse after Morse.
Cliiiiquia serrata, Morse after Morse.
Pliyllonotui saussurfi, Uol. after Bolivar.

PLATE II.

Fig. I. Tettigicka jalapa, Hanc, male. Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Fig. la. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal view.

Fig. 2. Nomotettix acuminatus, Hanc, female, Lawrence, Kansas.

Fig. 2a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal view.

Fig. 3. Paxilla obesa, Bol. Port Orange, Florida.

Fig. 3a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal view.

Fig. 4. Nomotettix parvus, Morse, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota.

Fig. 4a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal view.

Fig. 5. Nomotettix carinatus, Brun., Wellesley, Massachusetts.

PLATE III.

Tettix granulatus, Scudd., Wellesley, Massachusetts.
Vertex and tarsus below.

Tettix incurvatics, Hanc, Palouse, Washington.
Vertex, dorsal view.

Tettix arenosus, Burm., Opelousas, Louisi;uia.
Vertex of same, dorsal view.

Tettix ornatiis, Harris, Chicago, 111.
Vertex of same, dorsal view.

Tettix decoratus, Hanc, van, Chicago, III.

Vertex of same, dorsal view.

Tettix gibbosiis, Hanc, Riverside, 111.

Vertex of same, dorsal view.
Tettigidea parvula, Morse after Morse.
Tettigidca nigra, Morse after Morse.

185

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iS6 TETTIGID.E OF NORTH AMERICA

PLATE IV.

Fig. I. Tettix Itancocki alihreiniitiis, Morse, female, Ames, Iowa.

Fig. la. Same, pronotum and liead, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 2. Tettix grauulatus, Sciidd., female, Dune Park, Indiana.

Fig. 2a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 3. Tettix acadicus, Scudd., female, from Dr. Scudder's type.

Fig. 3a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 4. Tettix hancocki, Morse, female, Lake Superior, Minnesota.

Fig. 5. Tettix arenosus, Burm., female, Opelousas, Louisiana.

Fig. 5a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 5b. Same, face, front view.

Fig. 6. Tettix /iiggcri, Hanc, female, St. Anthony Park, Minnesota, from

type.

Fig. 6a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

PLATE V.

Fig. I. Tettix obscurus, Hanc, female. Glen EUyn, Illinois.

Fig. la. Same, profile view.

Fig. 2. Tettix obscurus, Hanc, male. Glen EUyn, Illinois.

Fig. 2a. Same, profile view.

Fig. 3. Tettix gibbosus, Hanc, female, Illinois.

Fig. 4. Tettix gibbosus, Hanc, ancestral form, profile, Illinois.

Fig. 4a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 5. Tettix gibbosus, Hanc, male, ancestral form, Illinois.

Fig. 6. Tettix decoratus, var., smaller form, Riverside, Illinois.

Fig. 6a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

PLATE VI.

Fig. I. Apotettix rugosus, Scudd., female. Port Orange, Florida.

Fig. la. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 2. Paratettix texanus, sp. n., Texas.

Fig. 2a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 2b. Post, femora of unusual appearance.

Fig. 3. Telmatettix aridus, sp. n., female, Santa Monico, S. California.

Fig. 3a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 4. Neotettix botivari, Hanc, female, Opelousas, Louisiana.

Fig. 4a. Same, face, front view.

Fig. 4b. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 5. Neotettix rotuiidifrons, Hanc, female, Jacksonville, Florida.

Fig. 6. Neotettix bolteri, Hanc, female, Jacksonville, Florida.

Fig. 6a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 6b. Same, face, front view.

HANCOCK 187

PLATE VII.

Fig. I. Clypeotettix schocki, Bol., female, Rio Cocula, Gro. Mexico.

Fig. 2. Apotettix convexiis, Morse, male, Jalapa, \ . C. Mexioj.

Fig. 2a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 3. Ochetotettix barretti, Hanc, male, Tizipan, D. F. Mexico.

Fig. 3a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 4. Apotettix eurycephalus, sp. n., female, Paige, Texas.

Fig. 4a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 5. Tebnatettix minutus, Male, Cordova, \'. C. Mexico.

Fig. 5a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

Fig. 6. Telmatettix i/niii/tits, sp. n., female, Cordova, V. C. Mexico.

Fig. 6a. Same, pronotum and head, dorsal aspect.

PLATE VIII.

Showing \'ertex.

Fig. I. Paralittix mexiianus, var., male, Mexico.

Fig. 2. Paratettix int-xicaniis, var., female, Mexico.

Fig. 3. Paratettix tubi-rcuhittis, sp. n., female, Mexico.

Fig. 4. Pa?-atettix texamis, sp. n., male, Paige, Texas.

Fig. 5. Paratettix texanus, sp. n., female, Paige, Texas.

Fig. 6. Paratettix cucullatus, Morse, male, Chicago, Illinois.

Fig. 7. Paratettix cucullatus, Morse, female, New Haven, Connecticut.

Fig. 8. Paratettix morsel extensus, sp. n., male, S. California.

Fig. 9. Paratettix morsel exteustcs, sp. n., female, S. California.

Fig. 10. Paratettix morsel, sp. n., male, S. California.

Fig. II. Paratettix morsel, sp. n., female, S. California.

Fig. 12. Paratettix mexlcanus, Bol., male, Mexico.

Fig. 13. Paratettix mexlcanus, Bol., female, Mexico.

Fig. 14. Paratettix toltecus, Bol., male, Mexico.

Fig. 15. Paratettix toltecus, Bol., female, Mexico.

Fig. 16. Face of Paratettix morsel extensus, sp. 11.

PLATE IX.

Showing Vertex.

Telmatettix aztecus, Bol., male, Mexico.
Telmatettix aztecus, Bol., female, Mexico.
Telniatettix parvivertlcls, sp. n., male, Mexico.
Telmatettix parvlvertlcls, sp. n., female, Mexico.
AUotettlx peruvlatms, Bol., female, Mexico.
Telmatettix minutus, sp. n., male, Mexico.
Telmatettix minutus, sp. n., female, Mexico.
Telmatettix hesperus, Morse, male, Oregon.
Telmatettix hesperus, Morse, female, Oregon.
Clypeotettix schocki, Bol., male, Mexico.
Clypeotettix schocki, Bol., female, Mexico.
Telmatettix minutus, sp. n., face, front view.

Fig.

ID.

Fig.

II.

Fig.

12.

iSS

TETTIGID^E OF NORTH AMERICA

Fig.

Tettii>idea

Fig.

Tettii^iilea

Fig.

Tettigidea

Fig.

Tt'ttigidea

Fig.

Tettigidea

Fig.

Tettigidea

Fig.

Tettigidea
Oiitari

Fig.

Tettigidea

Fig.

Tettigidea

Fig.

10.

Tettigidea

Fig.

II.

Tettigidea

PLATE X.

Showing Vertex.

prorsa, Scudd., female, Florida, after Morse.
apiciilata, Morse, female, after Morse.
giiatema/tica, Bol., female, Hondurus.
jalapa, Hanc, male, Mexico.
spicata, Morse, female, Tifton, Georgia.
armata, Morse, female, Dune Park, Indiana.
parvipennis pennata, Morse, female. Lake .Simcoe,
o.

par-Liipennis, Morse, female, Freyburg, Maine.
lateralis, Scudd., female, Opelousas, Louisiana.
medialis, sp. n., female, Knoxville, Tenn.
polymorpha, Scudd., female. Lake City, Florida.

PLATE XI.

Fig. I. Neotettix bolivari, Hanc, abdominal appendages, male.

Fig. la. Male appendages in profile.

Fig. lb. Apical margin of subgenital plate of male.

Fig. 2. Tettigidea parvipennis, eggs, group of twelve showing natural

position as laid in the ground; laid June 22, 1898.

Fig. 2a. Newly laid egg, highly magnified, of same species.

Fig. 3-33. Tettix ornatics triangularis, eggs, two views greatly enlarged.

Fig. 4. A young Tettix.

Fig. 4a. Hind femora.

Fig. 5. Tettix haficocki, profile of abdominal appendages of male.

Fig. 5a. Same, dorsal aspect.

Date of publication, .April, 1002

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